Question

decribe why duplication mutations can sometimes be harmful to cell/organism and propose an example of how a duplication mutation can be beneficial evolutionary step for a cell/organism. Develop a rationale as to why eukaryotes have developed/evolved multiple mechanisms to repair DNA damage (polymerase 1 exonuclease activity, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair mismatch repair, etc)

Answer 1

Answer:

Duplication sometimes can be harmful to cell or organism by the over expression of that particular gene leading to abundance of particular proteins. One example of such condition is Rett-like syndrome. However it can also proved to be very beneficial with reslres to evolution. As there are always a chance of mutation or error in a gene, a duplication may protect it from the deleterious effect(as other gene will remain functional). Also in case of mutation, the offsprings produced will be more diverse in case of crossing over. So it has a great role in evolutionary step of an organism.

3: Eukaryotes have a large and complex genome. The mutation rate is much higher in eukaryotes than the prokaryotes . Since the eukaryotic genome as well as organisms are much complex, even a small mutation (point mutation) can be proven lethal for them. In order to protect the genome and promote it's minimal mutation eukaryotic system is provided with multiple mechanisms to repair DNA.

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