Question

• Research the tools that allow internet users to conceal their identity from their ISP and others. These tools are referred to as anonymizers. Are there legitimate uses for anonymizers such as search engines that do not record the user's search request, or browsers that conceal one's IP address?
• Choose one of these tools in particular and describe in detail how it is used and how it has affected law enforcement. Consider its effect not only on the detection of criminal behavior but also the collection of evidence once an investigation has begun.

Answer 1

Ans:-

question-1
Before learning how to hide your identity,we need to know how computer,laptops have identity.The quick answer is IP ADDRESS.
what is IP address?
The internet,being nothing more than a vast group of interconnected networks,requires a system to establish communication between these networks.Internet protocol,is usually referred to be as IP,is of the principal technology,responsible for this connection. IP is tasked with defining,structuring and delivering information packets from certain point to other.
every system,connected to the internet,has its own address much like the address of your house or the license plate of your car.Every system has to have a unique IP address,assigned to that machine,and that machine only.This means your phone,your laptop, work computer and your printer,all have different IP addresses.
Every participant of the internet has to have an IP address to connect to it.

And secondly how to hide your ip address from ISP and others?
The are three ways VPN(virtual private network),proxy and Tor.

The best and the most ease way for changing your IP is to choose a good VPN service.
what VPN does:

Hide your IP address.
Internet traffic Encryption.
Torrent safely.
Allows you to get access to blocked sites like Netflix.

VPNs will assign new IP address to systems which are connected to them.As when you connect to a virtual network,you'll be assigned to a second IP address,which show as your real one.
Setting up your new VPN client takes minutes,but once you're all done,connecting to it and thereafter changing your IP will happens at a small click.
While you’re green connected to a VPN,then VPN provider will be assigned you to a virtual IP address.While the real ip address will still be used to connect to VPN,all the other traffic will tunnell through your private network and as such this external traffic will only be connected to your second,virtual identity(IP address).

Proxy servers,are great tools which stand as a bridge in the flow of your internet traffic.These people in middle servers will connect your data packets to their respective desired destination while changing their appearance as on they go through the Proxy.
In simpler words,the proxy server intercepts your traffic and then takes control of your connections.From here onwards,whatever you do,the proxy server will repeat it,it matches your browsing behavior by mirroring.Destination servers thinks of the proxy is your actual traffic.
The great beauty of this system is you can connect to any of the proxy server in the entire world.
proxy servers works very efficiently at low profile necessities such as of bypassing geoblocked content or the ip restrictions.
being able to do mask the real IP address is where the similarities between VPNs and proxies will end.
The main final big difference between proxies and VPNs is the former's lack of to encompassing the spoofing.While a good VPN will encrypt any and all of data coming into and out of the system,a proxy will be intercepting traffic on a per application basis .

*question-2
And for the second question a tool which i choose is tor,because it has more reasons to like defects,criminal activity,law breakthrough etc.
TOR:
Tor,the name is named after to the original project which is 'The Onion Router' is a free client which is anonymously connects you to volunteer operate the network of servers,then this enables you to be assigned to a new ip address,on the same basis as of using a VPN client in the previous.
And also known as 'dark or deep web,Tor has that of added benefit for enabling you to access websites,otherwise inaccessible when we use normal browsers.So such 'onion' websites have a very different type of domain names as some of they are mostly randomly which means dynamically generated.
By using the tor browser we can find good which we are not available for us in the general market.
when we go to the dark side of using the Tor,it creates a serious issues and mostly it create some problem and worstly we can even wind up in the prison.
TOR for being a widely and freely accessible,then again free and anonymous network,so it has become like a hub for the criminal activity.Then there also one of the main reasons why we may be put down a 'list' if you are accessing the Tor,there are a big chunk of network users connect to it to do illegal transactions.From creating the false identities to do the heavy drugs and even to supply the prohibitory weaponry deals.
since the point of origin or the location is almost impossible to determine or find conventionally,many of the bad actors use the Tor network to hide the location of command and control servers,machines are taking the ransomware payments,etc.this makes finding them and their malicious malware that much more harder to find.

And when we got to collection of evidences on crimial investigation on the tor browser,there are some departments on the government to investigate.Those people have the training to do that kind of stuff.
But even though they find one trail they might lose their track on the next one.Yes the dark web which means tor effects a lot on investigators on collection of evdience of the crime happening on the tor web.
There are many companies which are providing the trainings sessions for the investigators for finding the criminal activities over dark web and some of them got them.The below are some of the arrests done for illegal acivities on tor.
But there are some successful stories where investigators found the crime on the dark web(tor).
1)child abuse-https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2016/04/07/couple-hosting-tor-exit-node-raided-by-cops-investigating-child-abuse/
2)terrorism-https://meduza.io/en/feature/2018/05/23/russia-finds-a-new-tor-criminal
3)illegal weponary-https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/07/deep-dot-web-arrests/

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