Question

Explain the following with respect to research. Answer each item in no more than 100 to 150 words.

 Legal requirements

 Policies and procedures

 Guidelines

 Handling and storing data

 Privacy and freedom of information

Answer 1

LEGAL REQUIREMENTS :-

Legal requirements mean any federal, state, local, municipal, foreign or other law, statue, constitution, principle of common law, resolution, ordinance, code, edict, decree, rule, regulation,ruling or requirement issued, enacted, adopted, promulgated, implemented, or otherwise put into effect by or under the authority of any Governmental body. It also means any ordinance, order, judgement, rule, regulation, (or interpretation of any of the foregoing) and the terms of any licence or permit issued by, any Governmental authority.

POLICIES AND PROCEDURES :-

Policies and Procedures are designed to influence and determine all major decisions and actions, and all activities take place within the boundaries set by them. Procedures are the specific methods employed to express policies in action in day-to-day operations of the organizations. A set of policies are principles, rules, and guidelines formulated or adopted by an organization to reach its long term goals and typically published in a booklet or other form that is widely accessible. Procedures are the specific methods employed to express policies in action day-to-day operations of the organization. Together, policies and procedures ensure that a point of view held by the governing body of an organization is translated into steps that result in an outcome compatible with that view.

GUIDELINES :-

A guideline is a statement by which to determine a course of action . A guideline aims to streamline particular processes according to set a routine or sound practice . By definition, following a guideline is never mandatory. Guidelines are not binding and are not enforced. Guidelines may be issued by and used by any organizations to make the actions of it's employees or divisions more predictable, and persumably of higher quality. It is also the work consisting of statements, directions, or principles presenting current or future rules or policy. It may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, organisations, such as professional societies.

HANDLING AND SORTING DATA :-

Data Handling is the process of ensuring that research data is stored, archived or disposed off in a safe and secure manner during and after the conclusion of a research project. This includes the development of policies and procedures to manage data handled electronically as well as through non-electronic means. Data handling is important in ensuring the integrity of research data since it addresses concerns related to confidentially, security, and preservation/retention of research data.

Data Sorting is any process that involves arranging the data into some meaningful order to make it easier to understand, analyse or visualize. When working with research data, sorting is a common method used for visualizing data in a form that makes it easier to comprehend the story the data is telling. Sorting can be done with raw data (across all records) or at an aggregated level (in a table , chart, or some other aggregated or summarized output).

FREEDOM OF INFORMATION :-

Freedom of information is an extension of freedom of speech, a fundamental human right recognized in international law, which is today understood more generally as freedom of expression in any medium, be it orally, in writing, print, through the internet or through the art forms. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right includes not on;y he content, but also the means of expressions. Freedom of information not only refers to the right to privacy in the content of the internet and information technology. As with the right to freedom of expression, the right to privacy is a recognized human right and freedom of information acts as an extension to this right. Lastly freedom of information can include opposition to patents, opposition to copyrights or oppostion to the intellectual property in general. The international and united states pirate party have established political platforms based largely on freedom of information issues.