Question

Identify disorders of erythrocytes (how they are grouped, characteristics etc.) Be able to identify the classes, structural characteristics and functions of leukocytes • Describe how leukocytes are produced - Be able to identify the structure, function and development of platelets -How is the formation of platelets regulated? I .- Identify the factors that are involved in hemostasis (ones that were discussed) • Describe the process of hemostasis • Be able to answer questions on blood typing: identify characteristics of ABO and Rh blood groups, be able to answer different blood typing scenarios - why are transfusions and blood typing important? Cardiovascular system (heart)! • Be able to identify the location and characteristics of the layers of the heart • Describe the structure and functions of the four chambers of the heart • Be able to identify the general route of blood flow through the pulmonary, systemic and coronary circulations (you should be able to identify the MAJOR vessels-specific vessels are for lab!) • Know the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and where it flows within the circuits . Know the functions and characteristics of the valves • Describe the structural and functional properties of cardiac muscle how does it differ from skeletal muscle tissue?) . Know the events of the excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle cells . Know the components that make up the conduction system, know the pathway" . Identify the waves and intervals of an ECG tracing what they represent (depolarization, repolarization etc.) . Be very familiar with the phases of the of the cardiac cycle (hint: know the components on the diagram of the cardiac cycle-good place to start) • What are the heart sounds and what do they represent? How does Strove volume and heart rate regulate and/or alter cardiac output? Cardiovascular system (blood vessels) • What are the different blood vessels found in the body? • Identify the general make-up of veins and arteries (tunics) and their functions • What are the 3 types of arteries and how do they compare structurally? • What is the function and structural make-up of a capillary bed? Identify functions, structure and examples of the three types of capillaries • What are the different types of veins and how do they compare structurally to each other? • How do arteries and veins differ in structure and why? • What is the relationship between blood flow, blood pressure and resistance? 1 • Be able to describe how blood pressure differs in arteries, capillaries and veins • What are the short and long term controls of blood pressure?

Answer 1

1. Erythrocyte disorders :-

Anemia

The term used to describe when blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity

Hemorrhagic anemia

A form of anemia that occurs as result of acute or chronic loss of blood

Hemolytic anemia

A form of anemia caused by prematurely ruptured RBCs due to mismatched transfusions, abnormal Hb, or infections.

Aplastic anemia

A form of anemia caused by the destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow by drugs, chemicals, radiation. Also causes destruction of white blood cells which causes immune compromises.

Athlete's anemia

A form of anemia caused by vigorous exercising increasing blood volume

Iron-deficiency anemia

A form of anemia caused by a lack of the element used to bind oxygen inside of hemoglobin.

Pernicious anemia

A form of anemia caused by a B12 deficiency.

Thalassemias

A blood disorder passed down through families (inherited) in which the body makes an abnormal form of hemoglobin.

Thalassemias

Due to this blood disorder erythrocytes may be thin, delicate, and deficient in Hb.

Sickle-cell anemia

This disease results from a defective gene coding for an abnormal Hb called hemoglobin S (HbS)

2. Class /structure and function of leukocytes :-

Leukocytes

are the only formed elements that are complete cells and make up less than 1% of total blood volume. Leukocytes are critical to our defense against disease, and can leave then blood to enter the tissue

- granulocytes

are a main group of leukocytes large cells with lobed nuclei and visibly staining granules all are phagocytic

- neutrophils

are 50-70% all leukocytes are chemically atracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes

- eosinophils

account for 2-4% of all erythrocytes attack parasitic worms in loose connective tissues and have a role in asthma and allergies

- basophils

are the least numerous leukocyte 0.5-1% of all WBCs and release histamine to promote inflammation

- agranulocytes

are lymphocytes and monocytes that lack visibly staining granules

- lymphocytes

comprise 25% + of all WBC and are found throughout the body, but relatively few are found in the blood

- T lymphocytes

directly attack virus-infected and tumor cells

- B lymphocytes

produce antibodies

- monocytes

make up 3-8%of all WBC become actively phagocytotic macrophages as they enter tissue and activate T lymphocytes

3. WBCs are produced in the bone marrow by hemopoeitic stem cells, which differentiate into either lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells

4. A fragment of cytoplasm enclosed in a cell membrane and lacking a nucleus; found in the circulating blood; plays a role in hemostasis. Also called a thrombocyte.

#. Platelets and red bone marrow

-Platelets break off from the megakaryocytes in red bone marrow and then enter the blood circulation.

-Between 150,000 and 400,000 platelets are present in each microliter of blood.

#. platelet shape

-Each is irregularly disc‐shaped, 2-4 μm in diameter, and has many vesicles but no nucleus.

#. platelet function

-Their granules contain chemicals that, once released, promote blood clotting.

-Platelets help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels by forming a platelet plug.

#. platelet life span

-short life span, normally just 5 to 9 days.

-Aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver.