Question

What is the theoretical justification for the allowance method of accounting for bad debt?

Answer 1

First, since revenue is considered to be recognized at the point of sale on the assumption that the resulting receivables are valid liquid assets merely awaiting collection, periodic income will be overstated to the extent of any receivables that eventually become uncollectible. The proper matching of revenue and expense requires that gross sales in the income statement be partially offset by a charge to bad debt expense that is based on an estimate of the receivables arising from gross sales that will not be converted into cash.

Second, accounts receivable on the balance sheet should be stated at their estimated net realizable value. The allowance method accomplishes this by deducting from gross receivables the allowance for doubtful accounts. The latter is derived from the charges for bad debt expense on the income statement.