Question

1-Metformin is a drug frequently prescribed to treat patients who are unable to keep their blood glucose levels under control, such as patients with type ll diabetes. Among its actions, metformin works to decrease glucose absorption in the GI tract. Describe some potential gastroint tion in the GI tract. Describe some potential gastrointestinal side effects that may occur when taking this drug.

2-Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder whereby chronic inflammation leads to the destruction of the epithelium of them to the destruction of the epithelium of the small intestine. More specifically, the villi in the small intestine begin to atrophy (a., without + -trophy, nourishment). Describe how ce intesune begin to atrophy (a, without + trophy, nourishment). Describe how celiac disease will affect chemical digestion and absorption of ingested food.

Answer 1

Metformin is a biguanide glucose-lowering agent .it can be used alone or with sulfonylureas, other OA s or insulin to treat type 2 diabetes. The primary action of metformin is to reduce glucose production by the liver. Unlike sulfonylureas it does not promote weight gain .It causes bloating, diarrhea, lactic acidosis. Therefore it needs to be held for 48 hours after administration of IV contrast media.

2Celiac sprue and gluten-sensitivity enteropathy are other names of celiac disease. As with other autoimmune disease, the tissue destruction that occurs with celiac disease is the result of chronic inflammation Inflammation is activated by the ingestion of gluten found in wheat, rye and barley. A portion of the poorly digested gluten, called gliadin fraction, makes its way from the small intestine lumen into the lamina propria. Gliadin -containing molecules bind to specific receptors in the lamina propria and stulate antibody production. The antibodies then activate the release of cytokines including interferon, interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor. The cytokines destroy the microvilli and brush border of the small intestine. This ultimately decrease the amount of surface area available for nutrient absorption. Malabsorption can be so severe that the person develops malnutrition andvwasting. Poor calcium and vitamin D absorption can lead to decreased bone density and osteoporosis. If the disease is untreated and chronic inflammation continues unabated epithelial cell proliferation at the area of destruction lead to crypt hyperplasia and reduced ESR.