Question

Acid-base balance enn Fluid and electrolyte (sodium, potaśsium, calcium, magnesium) imbalances as wels status Cellular injury Types of immunity Signs of inflammation and infection Treatment options for infection Complications of infection Function of platelets, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, liver, spleen, hemogo Erythropoietin regulation Platelet abnormalities (causes, terms, s/s) Types of anemia (s/s, causes Leukemia (patho, s/s) . Types of cancer; spread of cancer; causes of death; clinical manifestations Genetic abnormalities (major ones; Downs/Klinefelter/Turner) genetic terms Immune deficiencies (AIDS, HIV) · Types of hypersensitivities Stages of infectious disease Classes of infectious microorganisms CNS, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system . Aging and the nervous system Neuro tests . Seizure types, clinical manifestations . Epilepsy .Terms (dyskinesia, hyperkinesia, hypertonia, etc) Parkinson (s/s, patho, treatment) ICP (s/s, normal levels) Types of cerebral hematomas (subdural, epidural, etc) Spinal cord injury (s/s, shock) isk injuries (s/s) A vs TIA (s/s, treatment) Myasthenia Gravis (patho, s/s, testing) Childhood tumors, encephalopathies (s/s, treatment) Lymphatic system

Answer 1

• Acid-Base balance is the maintaining of neutral PH (PH = 7) of the body fluids so that the body can function normally. If PH is >7 it considered as acid and PH < 7 is considered as a base.
• Cellular injury is the damage of cells as a result of external or internal factors. Lack of oxygen, infectious agent, genetic factors, aging, immunological response, atrophy are some of the causes of cell injury. The body repair mechanism restores the damaged cell with the new cell.
• Types of immunity: A) Innate immunity is the immunity acquired from the parents which protect throughout life. B) Acquired immunity is further classified into Natural or Artificial Immunity. i) Natural Active immunity is the immunity produced by the own's cells of the person in response to infection. e.g smallpox, measles.

ii) Natural passive immunity is the immunity gained through maternal antibodies. iii) Artificial active immunity is the immunity gained through vaccines against the infection. e.g polio, DTP vaccines. iv) Artificial passive immunity is gaining of antibodies from another host through the serum.

• Signs of inflammation and infection: a) redness, b) swelling c) heat d) Pain e) Loss of function.
• Treatment options for infection: a) Provide complete rest b) Give plenty of water to drink. C) Maintain hygienic measures. d) Administer appropriate antibiotics.
• Complications of Infection: a) Bacteremia: Infection is spread through the blood from one part of the body to another part. b) Sepsis: Excess of chemicals released throughout the body in order to fight against the infection. C) Septic shock: It is a life-threatening situation where the sepsis becomes severe and causes permanent damage to the organs.