Question

• What are the main components that predict lung volume and flow rates?

• How do your lung volumes compare w age/sex-specific norms?

• Using the provided calculations, what is your RV and what is the percent difference among estimations?

• How does your FEV1.0 compare to age/sex-specific norms? What might explain any deviation from norm?

• What factors could negatively affect PEF?• What factors could positively affect FVC?

• How is PFT typically used to diagnose COPD? What are the parameters and what % change is required for diagnosis?

• Which measures may be subject to training adaptations? Why?

• What change is required from pre- to post-exercise to produce a positive test for exercise-induced asthma?

• Why might ventilatory flow rates increase after exercise?

Answer 1

1) Components that predict lung volume and flow rate are mainly nine in numbers including

1. Tidal volume- average amount expired after a regular inspiration.(500ml)
2. Residual volume - air that can't be forcibly expired (1200ml)
3. Expiratory reserve volume -volume of air that can be forcibly expired after regular inspiration (1200ml)
4. Inspiratory reserve volume-volume of air that can be forcibly inspired (3000ml)
5. Vital capacity - amount of air that can be forcibly expired followed forcibly inspired (4600)
6. Forced expiratory volume- volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled
7. Inspiratory capacity- maximum air inhaled after regular exhalation (3500ml)
8. Functional residual capacity-amount of air left after a regular a regular exhalation (2300ml)
9. Total lung capacity - amount of air left after max. Inhalation (6000ml)

2) Females has less airway diameter compare to male so lung volume and flow rate is there especially expiratory flow and vital capacity. lung volume depends on body physic , for example if a person is taller than his lung capacity is more .lung volume doesn't change throughout the life .

As age grow vital capacity decreases so functional and residual volume increases because breathing can slowly become more difficult and slow over time .

3) Residual volume is the air that can be forcibly expired voluntarily from lungs .Residual volume is estimated around 1200ml .It is exact in normal person but varies when lungs lose elasticity and ability to recoil , so that air will be trap and increase residual volume in lungs .

4)Forced expiratory volume( FEV) is the air that can be forcibly exhaled within a specific time as mentioned 1 second after full inspiration. Females has lower FEV1 compared with males.It decreases with age because of airway resistance .

5)Factors could negatively affect the PEF( peak expiratory flow rate ) are the following increase age ,short height less body surface area .

Factors influence FVC (forced expiratory volume ) positively are adulthood ,height.they are proportional to body size.

6)PFT(pulmonary or lung function test)- used most frequently to diagnose copd with the help with spirometry .It helps to evaluate the lung volume and capacities. Parameters such as tidal volume,ERV,,IRV,,RV,Vital capacity,FEV,,FRC etc but mainly FEV1. If FEV1 is less than 80% for mild less than 30% for severe copd

7) Exercise adoptations especially require .Several training adaptations have been used, including resistance training,tools that can be used to improve muscle strength because such patients has muscular weakness which is associated with prognosis and functionality .

8)Perform warm up exercises and maintain an stress free body pose as well as cool down period after exercise.

Avoid working out during cold weather . So if a person start vigorously exercise or don't take rest after exercise then client will get positive exercise induced asthma or doing in cold weather or having cough and cold.

9) ventilatory flow rate increases after rise because of the increase in the demands of ovygen in body to meet oxygen needs .Tidal volume and respiratory increases to fulfill the demands of oxygen.