Question

Question 21 (SLO 8) Down syndrome and Turner's syndrome are two genetic disorders that ini abnormal chromosomes. Identify the exact chromosomal aberration and the impac the aberration on development for each syndrome. BIU A- A - I E I I - E V OD 1 x 12pt x ! HTML Editore E Paragraph O words Question 22 ISLO A debatt en bolleferi 30 pts

Answer 1

DOWN SYNDROME:

Its caused by the chromosomal disorder of trisomy 21 causing developmental and intellectual delay. Abnormal cell division takes place and results in additional copy genetic material of chromosome 21.

SYMPTOMS:

• Flattened face
• Small head
• Short neck
• Protruding tongue
• Upward slanting eye lids (palpebral fissures)
• Unusually shaped or small ears
• Poor muscle tone
• Broad, short hands with a single crease in the palm
• Relatively short fingers and small hands and feet
• Excessive flexibility
• Tiny white spots on the colored part (iris) of the eye called Brushfield's spots
• Short height.

TURNER SYNDROME:

Boys inherit the X chromosome from their mothers and the Y chromosome from their fathers. Girls inherit one X chromosome from each parent. In girls who have Turner syndrome, one copy of the X chromosome is missing, partially missing or altered.

Monosomy. The complete absence of an X chromosome generally occurs because of an error in the father's sperm or in the mother's egg.

X chromosome abnormalities. Abnormal or missing parts of one of the X chromosomes.

Y chromosome material: some cells have one copy of the X chromosome and other cells have one copy of the X chromosome and some Y chromosome material. These individuals develop biologically as female, but the presence of Y chromosome material increases the risk of developing a type of cancer called gonadoblastoma.

Mosaicism: During early stages of fetal development. This results in some cells in the body having two complete copies of the X chromosome. Other cells have only one copy of the X chromosome.

22. BREAST FEEDING:

Availability

• Pumps, bottles, formula, and other bottle-feeding products can be costly. Breast-feeding is free.
• Breast milk doesn’t require any prep work. It’s ready when baby is ready.

Boost for Baby

• Breast milk has all the nutrients baby needs to grow and stay healthy
• Promotes a healthy digestive system: breast-fed babies are less likely to have diarrhea and upset stomach
• Strengthens baby’s immune system: breast milk helps protect against ear infections, pneumonia, bacterial, and viral infections
• Boost IQ: some research suggests that breast-fed babies may have a somewhat higher IQ than formula-fed babies
• Protects against conditions like asthma, allergies, diabetes, and obesity
• Good for development in premature babies

Good for Mom

• Helps uterus get back to pre-pregnancy size faster
• Burns extra calories that can lead to weight loss
• Keeps period from returning, which can prevent an iron deficiency after giving birth
• Allows body to release hormones that help you bond with baby
• Reduces risk of getting breast cancer, ovarian cancer, heart disease, and diabetes.

DISADVANTAGE:

• May feel discomfort, particularly during the first few feedings.
• There isn’t a way to measure how much your baby is eating.
• You’ll need to watch your medication use, caffeine, and alcohol intake. Some things that go into body are passed to the baby through milk.
• Newborns eat frequently. Keeping up with a feeding schedule may be difficult.Ĺ

BOTTLE FEEDING:

ADVANTAGES:

• A family member or caretaker can feed baby when you aren’t able to be there.
• Can measure how much baby is eating at each feeding.
• Fathers, siblings, and other family members get the chance to bond with the baby during feeding time.
• Mothers using formula don’t need to worry about how their diet will affect the baby.

DISADVANTAGE:

• Formula doesn’t provide the same protection against infections as breast milk.
• Need to mix and prepare formula to make sure it’s the correct temperature.
• Bottles, formula, rubber nipples, and breast pumps can be expensive.
• Formula can cause digestive trouble like constipation and gas.

23. Create good parent-child attachment.

Create trust with care giver.

Provide proper curriculum.

Provide safety and fun filled environment with knowledge.

24.FOUR TYPE OF PARENTING

• Authoritative
• Permissive
• Neglectful

Authoritative parenting have high expectations for achievement and maturity, but they are also warm and responsive.

Based on Baumrind’s research, children of authoritative parents are:

• Appear happy and content.
• Are more independent.
• Achieve higher academic success.
• Develop good self-esteem.
• Interact with peers using competent social skills.
• Have better mental health — less depression, anxiety, suicide attempts, delinquency, alcohol and drug use.
• Exhibit less violent tendencies.

Authoritarian parents demand blind obedience using reasons such as “because I said so“. They are unresponsive to there children needs and not nurturing.

Children of authoritarian parents:

• Tend to have an unhappy disposition.
• Are less independent.
• Appear insecure.
• Possess lower self-esteem.
• Exhibit more behavioral problems.
• Perform worse academically.
• Have poorer social skills.
• Are more prone to mental issues.
• Are more likely to have drug use problems.

Permissive parents set very few rules and boundaries and they are reluctant to enforce rules.

Children of permissive parenting:

• Cannot follow rules.
• Have worse self-control.
• Possess egocentric tendencies.
• Encounter more problems in relationships and social interactions.

Uninvolved parents tend to have issues themselves such as maternal depression, physical abuse or child neglect when they were kids.

Children of neglectful parents:

• Are more impulsive.
• Cannot self-regulate emotion.
• Encounter more delinquency and addictions problems.
• Have more issues — e.g. suicidal behavior in adolescents.

25. Measures included parent reported child temperament, observed parents marital quality and affect and parents sensitivity, responsivity, and growth fostering with their children. Different patterns emerged for mothers and fathers: marital quality related to higher sensitivity for fathers, whereas positivity related to higher sensitivity for mothers. Child inhibitory control was related to fathers' response to child distress and mothers' use of cognitive growth fostering.