Question

The female mosquito needs your blood to grow her eggs. Please don’t feel singled out. She bites everyone. There is no truth to the myths that mosquitoes prefer women over men or blondes and redheads over those with darker hair. She does, however, play favorites. Type O blood seems to be the vintage of choice. Stinky feet emit a bacterium that woos famished females, as do perfumes. As a parting gift, she leaves behind an itchy bump (an allergic reaction to her saliva) and potentially something far worse: infection with one of several deadly diseases, including malaria, Zika, West Nile, dengue and yellow fever. Mosquitoes are our apex predator, the deadliest hunter of human beings on the planet. A swarming army of 100 trillion or more mosquitoes patrols nearly every inch of the globe, killing about 700,000 people annually. Researchers suggest that mosquitoes may have killed nearly half of the 108 billion humans who have ever lived across our 200,000-year or more existence. Flying solo, the mosquito does not directly harm anyone. It is the diseases she transmits that cause an endless barrage of death. Yet without her, these pathogens could not be vectored to humans. Without her, human history would be completely unrecognizable.The mosquito and her diseases have accompanied traders, travelers, soldiers and settlers (and their captive African slaves) around the world and have been far more lethal than any manufactured weapons or inventions. Malarious mosquitoes patrolling the Pontine Marshes facilitated both the rise and the fall of the Roman Empire. Initially shielding the Eternal City from the Visigoths, Huns and Vandals, they eventually pointed their proboscises inward on Rome itself. Mosquitoes defended the Holy Land during the Crusades by laying waste to armies of cross-adorned Christian soldiers. By infecting European soldiers with malaria and yellow fever, they reinforced numerous successful rebellions in the Americas during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, including the British surrender at Yorktown during the American Revolution.Mosquitoes also played a role in steering slave ships from Africa across the Atlantic, because plantation owners in the Americas believed that Africans withstood the onslaught of mosquito-borne disease better than indigenous slaves or European indentured servants. Malaria often produces a synchronized and cyclical pattern of symptoms: a cold stage of chills and shakes, followed by a hot stage marked by fevers, headaches and vomiting, and finally a sweating stage. After a period of respite, this progression repeats itself. For many, especially children under 5, malaria triggers organ failure, coma and death.Today, roughly four billion people are at risk from mosquito-borne diseases. As our ancestors can attest, our battle with the mosquito has always been a matter of life and death, and it’s beginning to look as though this confrontation is coming to a head.

Questions

3. Describe what kind of surveillance system is in place for this disease. If there isn’t one, recommend one.

4. What efforts have been made to control this disease? Describe at least one initiative or program in place to prevent or control the disease. How effective is it?

Answer 1

3, Mosquito-borne disease or vector-borne disease is a potential global threat for public health. surveillance should target the mosquito species by assessing species distribution, aquatic habitats, feeding and resting behavior and densities, monitoring this data is important for implementing the plan and program how it is going to affect this mosquito behavior.it should include data survey from eggs, larval, house index, container index, and female adult survey. It needs a strong surveillance system and sufficient interventions. The surveillance system needs to collect data and analyze the public health policies and programs to prevent and control the barriers for mosquito-borne disease. It provides information about environmental taps and health action to be filled. epidemiological surveillance help to find the mosquito species during, before, after the control program. Active surveillance should target the vector, pathogens and how it is affecting the population, it provides a clear idea about vector. surveillance provides epidemiological variables about disease prevalence and outcome measures for effective interventions. eliminating barriers for urban countries where there is more mosquito provide idea about challenges and needs for dissemination and need for remedial action to control the mosquito-borne disease. It helps to target several vectors for mosquito control approach.
4, several efforts to control the disease include program implementation to the target population to eliminated mosquito by regular visits from health inspectors to make awareness. Technical involvement and political commitment important for implementing effective programs to fulfill the needs of the financial sources.legislative measures important to control the breeding sites of malaria in environmental surroundings and around the new building construction. coordination between other sectors for urban planning and management, sanitation, controlling risk need improvement. window protection, air conditioning, eliminating malaria by controlling Anopheles mosquitos, insecticides can compound the problem.
Long-lasting insecticidal bed nets(LLINs) is the most effective malaria control method, it is integrated vector management to control the vector-borne disease. this program has a partnership with multiple legislation and health services and the local community. identify the geographical information system when it needs more intervention to control environmental management to avoid the breeding chance of mosquitoes, habitat modification, biological control, and mechanical control.