Question

please help

3) Explain why each of the following manifestations occurs in end-stage renal failure: i. metabolic acidosis: ii. hyperkalemia: iii. hypocalcemia: iv. increased BUN and serum creatinine: v. anemia: NOT COP vi. delayed clotting: vii. edema: viii. increased blood pressure: ix. cardiac dysrhythmias X. congestive heart failure: xi. pulmonary edema: xii. lethargy, confusion: xiii. muscle weakness: xiv. bone pain: XV. amenorrhea:

Answer 1

1. Metabolic acidosis:

In End stage rental failure increased nitrogenous waste retention cause hyperkalemia and positive acid balance may leads to metabolic acidosis.

2. Hyper kalemia:

In end stage rental failure fails to remove excess potassium from blood that may leads to hyperkalemia.

3. Hypocalcemia:

Vitamin D is otherwise called kidney hormones. End stage rental failure cause rhabdomyolysis and tumorlysis. This cause hyper phosphatemia and hypocalcemia.

4. Increased BUN and creatinine:

In end stage renal failure the kidney is failing to eliminate nitrogenous waste that may give raise to BUN and creatinine.

5. Anemia:

Main function if kidney is to produce erythropoitein. In renal failure kidney unable to produce that, so this may leads to anemia.

6. Delay in clotting:

In rental failure deficiency of coagulation factors may give raise to bleeding. This cause delay in clotting.

7. Odema:

Extra fluid and sodium retention can cause edema. Kidney unable to remove the fluid from body. That may cause edema.

8. Increased BP:

Increased blood pressure is due excess sodium and fluid retention in renal failure.

9. Cardiac arrythnias:

Thus is due to hyper kalemia in renal failure.