Question

• Define osteoporosis and describe the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, prevention and treatment.

Answer 1

Osteoporosis refers to loss of bone forming cells which leads to porous formation in the bones which can make the bone brittle and break in a very low friction.

Risk factors

• An increase in age when there is hormonal changes(estrogen drop in women) ,lifestyle(sedentary life), habits ,lack of exercise, diet,etc.,
• Womens are more prone for this when compared to men because of hormonal changes
• Medications (steroids)
• Surgery (Removal of ovaries in female) as a part of treatment
• Certain race

Pathophysiology

Due to various causative factors ,there is loss of bone formation or remodeling which overtime leads to holes in the bones and this contributes to fracture. Simultaneously the bone is responsible for certain minerals in the body necessary for its functions (eg.,Calcoim , phosphorus, etc.,This leads to problem in other major vital organ s like heart leading to increase in blood pressure and other symptoms gradually

Clinical manifestation

• Pain (in bones ,joint,tenderness during physical examination)
• Lack of mobility
• Decrease in height
• Easy fracture
• Change of physical posture

Evaluation

• CBC:Provides baseline data,
• Testosterone in Male
• Serum electrophoresis to assess any disease like multiple myeloma
• DEXA scan to confirm
• Vitamin D:Deficiency of it can cause osteoporosis
• Thyroid hormone: alters tte absorption of bones capacity to certain minerals like calcium
• X ray to ruke our any fracture

Prevention

• Early screening and follow up
• Lifestyle modifications
• Avoiding OTC medication
• Regular exercise
• Proper diet

Treatment

• Vitamin D supplements
• Medication:Risedronate,Ibandronate,Raloxifene, Calcitonin