Question

Traumatic brain injury

• a brief review of pathophysiology/etiology
• epidemiology / risk factors
• signs and symptoms
• diagnostic testing / common lab findings
• diagnosis (including 3 differential diagnoses)
• evidence-based treatment (pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic)
• patient education needs / tips for management / follow-up

Answer 1

ANS)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:

The working of brain may be suddenly weakened by the quickest injury of the group of cells present in the brain.This will leads to cerebral hydropsy and lowers the blood circulation.The cranial arch is rooted in the size and occupied by the incompressible cerebrospinal fluid and negligibly collapsible group of cells in the brain.Therefore any kind of bulging because of the hydropsy moving anywhere to enlarge and therefore enhance the intracranial pressure.The enhanced intracranial pressure will leads to cerebral failure.If the intracranial pressure enhances to the same of mean arterial pressure,then the cerebral perfusion pressure leads to nil and this leads to brain death.

RISK FACTORS:

Small babies up to age 4.

Individuals in the period of 16-25 age.

Elderly individuals with age more than 60.

Males going through any age period.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

* Lack of awareness for a small period of time and sometimes it may be for some seconds or minutes.

* Head pain,Nausea,Tiredness, Trouble in sleeping, speaking difficulties,unclear vision and memory difficulties.

DIAGNOSIS:

* The 15-point test used by the physicians for understanding the primary intensity of the brain damage by reviewing the capability of the patient to obey the command and shift their arms and legs.

* Computerized Tomography scanning is done to get a sequence of x-rays which provides a accurate sight of brain.

* The Magnetic Resonance Imaging or the MRI scanning is also done for the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury.

* A probe is placed through the cranium to detect the intracranial pressure.

EVIDENCE BASED TREATMENT( PHARMACOLOGIC AND NON-PHARMACOLOGIC) :

PHARMACOLOGIC:

* The diuretics drugs will decrease the quantity of fluid present in the group of cells.This is provided intravenously and will decrease the pressure in the interior portion of the brain.

* The Anti-seizure medications are provided to prevent extra brain injury that may sometimes regulated by seizure.

* The coma-inducing medications are also provided by the physicians to lead the patient into a short term coma stage because a senseless cerebrum require only less amount of oxygen to work.

NON-PHARMACOLOGIC:

* Different kinds of therapies are the best non pharmacologic treatment and that involve,

Occupational therapy which support the patient to enhance their abilities for doing their daily tasks.

Physical therapy support for movability of limbs.

Speech and language therapy supports to enhance communication ability.

PATIENT EDUCATION:
* Stop drinking alcohol and stop smoking cigarette.

* Take complete rest and by that give the time for brain to get back its normal functions.

* Ask about all the medicines to your physician.

* Utilize the rehabilitation if available.

THANKS!!!!