Question

In 1959 Lyttleton and Bondi suggested that the expansion of the Universe could be ex plained on the basis of Newtonian mechanics if matter carried a net electric charge. Imagine a spherical volume, V, of astronomical size containing unionized atomic hydrogen of uniform number density n- NH/V, where N is the total number of hydrogen atoms, and assume that the proton charge is qp (1 +η) q , where q is the electron charge. So, η tells us how different the magnitude of the proton charge is from the electron charge. 1. If the mass of a single hydrogen atorn is m내, then what is the total mlass' M' of all the hydrogen in the sphere, in terms of n and the radius of the sphere, R? 2. Consider a single hydrogen atom on the surface of this sphere. Recalling that Newton's law of gravity says that FG--GmM, what is the gravitational force on this atom, in terms of n and R? 3. What is the net charge on the hydrogen atom due to the difference in in charge between the proton and electron, in terms of η? What is the net charge on the sphere, in termis of n and R? 4. Going back to the single hydrogen atom on the surface of the sphere, determine the electrostatic force it experiences 5 Show that for η > 10-18, the electrostatic repulsion becomes larger than the gravita- tional attraction, and the gas expands.

Answer 1

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