Question

1. For the micro-controller in the lab, what is the maximum voltage? Where is the origin of the power? #2. For the micro-controller in the lab, what is the digital output? Based on the positive logic, what is the voltage for "logic 1?" #3. For the micro-controller in the lab, what is the analog output? What is the difference between the digital output and the analog output? #4.For the micro-controller in the lab, what is the digital input? #5.For the micro-controller in the lab, what is the analog input? #6. For the micro-controller in the lab, what is the clock "frequency?"

Answer 1

1) For the micro controller in the lab what is the maximum voltage? Ans.) 5 Volts 2) For the micro controller in the lab what is the digital output? few to many digital output Ans.) Microcontrollers normally have and/or digital input pins. That means that they output either logic 0 or logic 1, nothing in between (that's what makes them 'digital'). The logic levels are voltages, and usually either nominally 0-5 V, or 0-3.3V depending on microcontroller. Digital outputs that drive extemal components. These can be set to either a high components attached to the output a implement the the technology used to low voltage to activate (or de-activate) Voltage for ""Logic1" is 5 Volts 3) For the micro controller in the lab what is the analog output? Ans) Analog outputs produce an analog voltage that can be applied an extermal component. (Not all controllers have these.) to A key concept in beginning embedded systems is understanding the difference between analog and digital signals to design and use micro controll ers in Analog a continuously varying energy or quantity of material. Much of how we interact with the surrounding physical world is analog in nature - sound, sight, smell, taste. We use sensors to convert physical analog quantities to analog voltages or currents. (Microphones, photosensors temperature sensors, etc.) Just like the physical quantity, the voltage or current is defined at every point in time. Detecting an analog voltage current requires requires precisely measuring the volts or amps at a or

particular time. A reasonable example of an signal is a sine wave (Although there isn't much information in a pure sine wave.) Digital The signal is either high or low (on/off or true/false or 0/1) There are not many digital signals in the physical world. However, in terms of encoding information into signals, digital is much more robust. leeway in interpreting whether a voltage is high or low. simply being "high enough"- above some threshold There is more means eans simply being "low enough leve "Low" m below some threshold level. Interpreting the information from a digital signal is less susceptible to errors because the voltages don't have to be known precisely. The systems that we have developed to collect information work best by collecting the analog information from the surrounding physical environment, converting it digital form, processing the information digitally, and then converting back to analog (if needed) 4) For the micro controller in the lab what is the digital input? Ans.) Digital inputs from extemal sources. These will detect whether the voltage level 1 and logic level 0. The low voltage is usually 0 V and the high either 3.3 V or 5 v, depending on the particular controller on the input is "high" or low", which correspond to logic 5) For the micro controller in the lab what is the analog input? Ans.) Analog inputs that measure the measure voltage of a component attached to the input. The voltage must be between 0 and 5 V, typically 6) For the micro controller in the lab what is the clock "frequency"? Ans.) 8 20 MHz clock frequency (16 MHz is typical).Generally it depends on the type of the microcontroller.