Question

Subject. Internet & web technologies

Give me the whole correct answer please.

Problem 3 a] Describe the IPv4 addressing scheme bi Describe a few ways in which IPv6 differs from IPv4. c] Discuss the at least three "partners" in the determining the IP addresses used in IPv4 [d] What is "classful" addressing, and what are the classes used in IPy4 e] What is classless addressing in IPy4, and what additional data is needed to use it Suppose a company with 75 employees was originally allocated addresses of the three smaller separate companies of 25 situation be respectively handled in the classful and classless addressing schemes? form 192. 123 458 xxx but now is dividing into employees each, with each company having its own network and routers How might this

Answer 1

Q1: Describe IPv4 Addressing Scheme:
An IP address is a unique number/address which is used to identify a device on the network.
Every device connected to the internet must have an IP address to communicate with other devices; Xbox games, cell phones, tablets, cars, fax machines etc.
The IP address allows a device to communicate and be located by other devices on the connected world wide web.

An IPv4 address is made up of 32 binary bits, which is divided into a Network portion and Host portion with the help of a Subnet Mask.
The 32 binary bits are broken into four octets (1 octet = 8 bits). Each octet is converted to decimal and separated by a period (dot).

IP version 4 addresses are comprised of four numbers-only segments separated by dots:
e.g. 127.0.1.1
e.g. 253.16.30.22
e.g. 192.165.106.105

The value in each octet ranges from 0 to 255 decimal, or 00000000 – 11111111 binary.

Below is how binary octets are converted to decimal: The rightmost bit, or least significant bit, of an octet, holds a value of 20. The bit just to the left of that holds a value of 21. This continues until the left-most bit, or most significant bit, which holds a value of 27. So if all binary bits are a one, the decimal equivalent would be 255 as shown here:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 = (128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1=255)

And this sample below shows an IP address represented in binary and decimal.
192 . 168 . 4 . 10 (decimal)
11000000.10101000.00000100.00001010 (binary).

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Q2: Describe a few ways in which IPv6 differs from IPv4:

Some of the differences are as follows:

Address Configuration:

IPv4 Supports Manual and DHCP configuration.

IPV6 Supports Auto-configuration and renumbering

End-to-end connection integrity:

Not achievable in IPv4.

It is Achievable in IPv6.

Address Space:

IPv4 - It can generate 4.29 x 109addresses.

IPv6 - It can produce quite a large number of addresses, i.e., 3.4 x 1038.

Security features:

In IPv4, Security is dependent on application

IPSEC is inbuilt in the IPv6 protocol

Address length:

IPv4 - 32 bits (4 bytes)

IPv6 - 128 bits (16 bytes)

Address Representation:

IPv4 - In decimal

IPv6 - In hexadecimal

Fragmentation is performed by:

Sender and forwarding routers in case of IPv4

Only by the sender in case of IPv6

Message Transmission Scheme:

IPv4 - Broadcasting

IPv6 - Multicasting and Anycasting

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Q4: What is classful addresing and what are the clasees:
Internet Protocol hierarchy contains several classes of IP Addresses to be used efficiently in various situations as per the requirement of hosts per network. Broadly, the IPv4 Addressing system is divided into five classes of IP Addresses. In the classful addressing system all the IP addresses that are available are divided into the five classes A,B,C,D and E

Class A Address
Class A addresses only include IP starting from 1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x only. The IP range 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback IP addresses.

The default subnet mask for Class A IP address is 255.0.0.0 which implies that Class A addressing can have 126 networks (27-2) and 16777214 hosts (224-2).

Class B Addresses
Class B IP Addresses range from 128.0.x.x to 191.255.x.x. The default subnet mask for Class B is 255.255.x.x.

Class B has 16384 (214) Network addresses and 65534 (216-2) Host addresses.

Class C Address
Class C IP addresses range from 192.0.0.x to 223.255.255.x. The default subnet mask for Class C is 255.255.255.x.

Class C gives 2097152 (221) Network addresses and 254 (28-2) Host addresses.

Class C IP address format is: 110NNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH

Class D Address
Class D has IP address range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Class D is reserved for Multicasting. In multicasting data is not destined for a particular host, that is why there is no need to extract host address from the IP address, and Class D does not have any subnet mask.

Class E Address
This IP Class is reserved for experimental purposes only for R&D or Study. IP addresses in this class ranges from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254. Like Class D, this class too is not equipped with any subnet mask.

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Q5: What is classless addressing in IPv4

Classless addressing system is also known as CIDR(Classless Inter-Domain Routing). The fast growth of Internet led to the near depletion of the available addresses. We have run out of class A and B addresses, and a class C block is too small for most midsize organizations. To solve the problem of address depletion and give more organizations access to internet, classess addressing was designed and implemented.

In this scheme, there are no classes, but the addresses are still granted in contiguous blocks.

To simplify the handling of addresses, three restrictions are imposed on classless address blocks:

1. The addresses in a block must be contiguous, one after the other.

2. The number of addresses in a block must be a power of 2 (1, 2, 4,8, .... ).

3. The first address must be evenly divisible by the number of address.