Question

In at least 250 words, evaluate one of each hardware, software, and network component of a health care information system for implementation.

Answer 1

A health information system (HIS) refers to a system designed to manage healthcare data. This includes systems that collect, store, manage and transmit a patient’s electronic medical record (EMR), a hospital’s operational management or a system supporting healthcare policy decisions.

Health information systems also include those systems that handle data related to the activities of providers and health organizations. As an integrated effort, these may be leveraged to improve patient outcomes, inform research, and influence policy-making and decision-making. Because health information systems commonly access, process, or maintain large volumes of sensitive data, security is a primary concern.

Health information technology (HIT) involves the development of health information systems.

Examples of Health Information Systems

Health information systems can be used by everyone in healthcare from patients to clinicians to public health officials. They collect data and compile it in a way that can be used to make healthcare decisions.

Examples of health information systems include:

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and Electronic Health Record (EHR)

These two terms are almost used interchangeably. The electronic medical record replaces the paper version of a patient’s medical history. The electronic health record includes more health data, test results, and treatments. It also is designed to share data with other electronic health records so other healthcare providers can access a patient’s healthcare data.

Practice Management Software

Practice management software helps healthcare providers manage daily operations such as scheduling and billing. Healthcare providers, from small practices to hospitals, use practice management systems to automate many of the administrative tasks.

Master Patient Index (MPI)

A master patient index connects separate patient records across databases. The index has a record for each patient that is registered at a healthcare organization and indexes all other records for that patient. MPIs are used to reduce duplicate patient records and inaccurate patient information that can lead to claim denials.

Patient Portals

Patient portals allow patients to access their personal health data such as appointment information, medications and lab results over an internet connection. Some patient portals allow active communication with their physicians, prescription refill requests, and the ability to schedule appointments.

Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)

Also known as telehealth, remote patient monitoring allows medical sensors to send patient data to healthcare professionals. It frequently monitors blood glucose levels and blood pressure for patients with chronic conditions. The data is used to detect medical events that require intervention and can possibly become part of a larger population health study.

Clinical Decision Support (CDS)

Clinical decision support systems analyze data from various clinical and administrative systems to help healthcare providers make clinical decisions. The data can help prepare diagnoses or predict medical events — such as drug interactions. These tools filter data and information to help clinicians care for individual patients.

Benefits of Health Information Systems

Health information systems tend to target efficiency and data management. The main drivers of health information systems are:

• Data analytics: The healthcare industry constantly produces data. Health information systems help gather, compile and analyze health data to help manage population health and reduce healthcare costs. Then the healthcare data analysis can improve patient care.
• Collaborative care: Patients often need to treatments from different healthcare providers. Health information systems — such as health information exchanges (HIEs) — allow healthcare facilities to access common health records.
• Cost control: Using digital networks to exchange healthcare data creates efficiencies and cost savings. When regional markets use health information exchanges to share data, healthcare providers see reduced costs. On a smaller scale, hospitals aim for the same efficiencies with electronic health records.
• Population health management: Health information systems can aggregate patient data, analyze it and identify trends in populations. The technology also works in reverse. Clinical decision support systems can use big data to help diagnose individual patients and treat them.

Key Components of a Health Information System

Health information systems consist of six key components, including:

1. Resources the legislative, regulatory, and planning frameworks required for system functionality. This includes personnel, financing, logistics support, information and communications technology (ICT), and mechanisms for coordinating both within and between the six components.
2. Indicators – a complete set of indicators and relevant targets, including inputs, outputs, and outcomes, determinants of health, and health status indicators.
3. Data sources – including both population-based and institution-based data sources.
4. Data management – collection and storage, QA, processing and flow, and compilation and analysis.
5. Information products – data which has been analyzed and presented as actionable information.
6. Dissemination and use – the process of making data available to decision-makers and facilitating the use of that information.