Question

Answer please

3.1. 3.2. Define the hardness of water and how it can be determined. (5) Name seven (7) of the most common odorous compounds and their odours that can be exist in water. (14) Sketch a schematic that represents the biological filtration process in a filter bed. (8) 3.3.

Answer 1

Answer 1

Definition:

Water hardness is a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium salts in water. Calcium and magnesium enter water mainly through the weathering of rocks. The more calcium and magnesium in water, the harder the water. Water hardness is usually expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/l) of dissolved calcium and magnesium carbonate.

Most water hardness testers measure or report hard water in grains per gallon, but some laboratories use milligrams per liter, or parts per million.

One part per million (PPM) is just what it says: out of one million units, one unit is a hard water mineral. Grains or a grain per gallon (GPG) is a weight measurement taken from the Ancient Egyptians, and is the equivalent of one dry grain of wheat, or about 1/7000 of a pound. It takes 17.1 PPM to equal 1 GPG.

If a test for hard water is measured in parts per million or milligrams per liter you can take the total hardness level and divide it by 17.1 to get hardness in grains per gallon. For example if your water test shows 250 mg/L hardness you actually have 14.62 grains per gallon. You convert milligrams per liter or parts per million by dividing the total by 17.1 to get grains per gallon hardness.

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We have to follow certain guidelines sorry

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