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a be a real number . If a--a, prove that either a 0 or a 1. 8. (Pigeonhole Principle) Suppose we place m pigeons in n pigeonholes, where m and n are positive integers. If m > n, show that at least two pigeons must be placed in the same pigeonhole. [Hint (from Robert Lindahl of Morehead State University): For i 1, 2, . . . , n, let Xi denote the number of pigeons that are placed in the ith pigeonhole; let xk denote the largest of the xs; and let x = (Σ x )/n denote the average of the xs. Show that 7l

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