Question

ASSIGNMENT OB S01 Introduction to Psychology Directions: Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English, spelling, and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be double-spaced; refer to the "Format Requirements" page for specific format requirements. Part 1: Describe the three psychological dimensions of vision. For Part II: of the written assignment, explain why the following course objectives are important to understanding psychology: 5. Define circadian rhythrhs and explain how the body's "biological clock' works and what happens when it doesn't 6. Distinguish between the basic processes of sensation and perception, explain how the doctrine of specific nerve energies applies to perception, and discuss how synesthesia contributes to our understanding of sensory modalities. 7. Describe the basic principles of classical conditioning, including the extinction and recovery of a classically conditioned response, how higher-order conditioning takes place, and the process of stimulus generalization and discrimination. 8. Compare social norms and social roles, and note how each contributes to the social rules that govem a culture

Answer 1

Answer 5. Circadian rhythm is a 24 hours sleep-wake up cycle set by an internal body clock. Body's biological clock contains all physiological process that activates circadian rhythm. Following explanations have given by physiologist in support of circadian rhythm.

i). Dawn plays the role of 'Zietgeber' (a German term for time giver) and sets the biological clock that maintains circadian rhythm.

ii). Suprachiasmetic nucleus: It is a nucleus that is located at the top of our optic chiasm and comprises the body clock.

iii). Melatonin: Pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone secreted at night is also responsible for circadian rhythm.

If any of the aforementioned factors do not work properly, circadian rhythm gets affected. Factors such night duty at work place, stress and anxiety could affect circadian rhythm. A disturbed biological clock causes sleep related problems and other health issues such as digestive dirorders and insulin problems.

Answer 6. Experience of any stimulus through different senses (eye, ear, nose, skin and tongue) is Sensation. Perception refers to a process of sensing, analyzing, interpreting and remembering.

The doctrine of specific nerve was proposed by Muller in1835. This principal states that brain does not access to the different stimulus but different nerve pathways. Through different nerve pathways, the brain perceives different stimuli.

Synthesia is a phenomenon where different senses work simultaneously and our brain analyses data provided by different senses at the same time. It plays a major role in sensory modality. For example, one's auditory system gets activated when someone shows you a cat and at the same same visual system creates the image and colour of a cat and the brain process both the information simultaneously and interpret it.

Answer 7. Classical conditioning refers to a process where a conditioned stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus through repeated trials. After several trials the person starts eliciting the same response which was once elicited by unconditioned stimulus.

Basic principles: a). Presence of Unconditioned Stimulus and unconditioned response. b). Pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. c). Repeated trials until the conditioned stimulus starts eliciting same response which was being elicited by unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction refers to the disappearance of a learned response when the reward (food or other significant stuff) gets removed for longer period of time.

Recovery occurs when a learned response has extinguished. When after a log time gap, the person or the animal is presented with the same conditioned stimulus, the conditioned response occurs.

In higher order conditioning one stimulus serves as the basis for learning the other stimulus and so on.

Responding similarly to similar kind of stimulus is generalization while responding differently to different kind of stimulus is discrimination.

Answer 8. Social norms refer to rules according to which average people of a society behave while social roles are expected behaviours from a person holding a specific position in any society.

Social norms provide people of a society with a set of principles that must be followed while performing different acts. Roles provide responsibility to a specific person of a society. Thus, both norms and roles are setting rules in a society by telling them how to behave.