Question

1. If globalization refers to the effective operation of integrating business, governments, and people under its umbrella in the first world, how do you explain the existence of the globalized world business in the excluded countries? Support your answer with examples. 2. All the previous attempts to halt overpopulation have failed with the steady increase in the birth rate and life expectancy. Describe three of the failed attempts to tackle the problem and suggest alternative solutions.

Answer 1

Answer to the Quesion Number 1:

Globalization has dynamic effects. Globalization works as the reduction in barriers to international trade of a country, and its effect on the countries that, for whatever reason, do not themselves participate in that process. It is often observed that, while not all countries have prospered during upsurge in global integration, most of the countries that have failed to prosper, especially in Africa, have been distinctive in the extent to which they have remained relatively closed off from world markets. While other countries adopting trade liberalization, it was there choice of doing that. Africa at the same time could have done better, but what they have done, they were solely responsible to their decision. So those who were reluctant to trade liberalization, only hurt themselves.

For the sake of argument, we can divide the world’s economies into just two types: the “included” countries and the “excluded.” The included countries are those that have lowered their barriers to international trade, perhaps as part of the trade liberalization fostered by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO), and/or perhaps through preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) such as the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The excluded countries are those that have put themselves apart out of PTAs and have either failed to join the GATT/WTO or who have joined but have taken such advantage of the provision for “special and differential treatment” that their trade barriers have remained high. For most of the part, these excluded countries have remained in that category through their own choice (particularly their governments’) and not because the included countries would not have welcomed their participation in trade liberalization.

In principle, a country could cut itself off completely from world markets, and thus achieve an extreme form of this excluded status. From the perspective of the analysis here, such a country could not be hurt by globalization, since it would not be aware of it, except perhaps through non-economic mechanisms that we will not examine, such as trans-border pollution. Instead, the excluded countries that we will consider are engaged to some extent with world markets, exporting and importing at a moderate rate that is subject to trade barriers that are high, but that are not all prohibitive. It is the fact that they trade at all that makes them vulnerable to the effects of trade liberalization by others, since it may change their terms of this trade.

it is strongly likely that excluded countries will be hurt by trade liberalization by other countries. It may be true that, if tariff reductions are MFN (Most favored Nation) on products that are selected at random, then an excluded country has as good a chance of gaining from them as of losing. But MFNs tariff reductions have not in practice been in randomly selected sectors, but rather in sectors in which the tariff-reducing countries stand most to gain as exporters. Thus tariffs are unlikely to be cut on products that are primarily exported by the excluded countries. Furthermore, much of the trade liberalization that has occurred in recent years has been preferential, not MFN. While preferential liberalization usually covers (almost) all products, its discriminatory nature means that it tends to divert trade away from excluded countries and thereby makes them worse off. It is also true that these losses from trade liberalization occur only because the excluded countries do in fact trade.

Answer to the question number 2:

Some failed attempts by the World in order to halt overpopulation are discussed below:

1. Contraception is promoted to halt overpopulation: Although contraception is promoted but it remained within the boundaries of urban areas only leaving rural areas behind. As in most of the rural areas around the world has still lack of knowledge about contraception therefore population halt programme is still not fully successful.

2. Providing education to all sections of people: Although the rate of literacy is more than the rate of illiteracy around the world but this does not only ensure proper education. As many people still not aware about the problem of overpopulation having literacy only cannot make them realise the real problem around the globe.

3. One child policy: The famous one child policy of China seemed very attractive in the beginning periods. Though it curbed the birth rate substantially low level but it also created demographic imbalances in the country, for instance, China remained with more aged population and rate of female population raised. So this is ultimately a failed attempt.

Suggestions to tackle overpopulation

1. Promote family planning

Simply educating men and women about contraception can have a big impact. When Iran introduced a national family planning programme in 1989, its fertility rate fell from 5.6 births per woman to 2.6 in a decade. A similar effort in Rwanda saw a threefold increase in contraception usage in just five years.

2. Empower women

Studies show that women with access to reproductive health services find it easier to break out of poverty, while those who work are more likely to use birth control. The United Nations Population Fund aims to tackle both issues at once, running microcredit projects to turn young women into advocates for reproductive health.

Make modern contraception legal, free and available everywhere, even in remote areas

3. Improve health care to reduce infant and child mortality

This is important because many times it is seen that people like to have more than two three child as there is a risk of infant mortality. If people finds a good health care support then the possibility of have a single child rises.