Question

9. Periodic trends in atoms. a) Circle the following that would be Linus Pauling's definition of electronegativity. What are the other two statements definitions of? What belongs in the blank in (3)? 1) "The power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself." 2) "The minimum energy necessary to detach an electron from the neutral gaseous atom or molecule." 3) “The of an electron is the negative of the energy of the Hartree orbital of the electron." b) Use inequality signs to order the following atoms by increasing electronegativity; B, Be, C, F, Li, N, O, Ne. In a separate list, order the ionization energy of the same atoms (from smallest to largest). Briefly explain the trends in both lists. c) We can learn about the energies of electrons in the orbitals of atoms (and molecules) by photoelectron spectroscopy. Draw the elements of such an experiment i.e., the experimental setup showing how the measurement is done. Give a schematic photoelectron spectrum. (you might also want to show an energy level diagram to define terms and processes). d) Give the important equation(s) that are used to interpret such a measured photoelectron spectrum and relate what is measured to the energy of the orbitals. What defines the upper limit of the orbital energies that can be measured by photoelectron spectroscopy?

Answer 1

9 Periodic trends in atoms : as Linus paulina's defination of electronegativity - The correct statement is 7 U the power of an atom in a molecule to attracte electrons to itself #© Te minimum energy necessary to detach an electron from the neutral gaseous atom or molecules > This is the definations of conisation Energy (15) o r Lanisation Potential #" The ionisation energy of an electron is the negative of the energy of the Hatree orbital of the electron L This is Koopman's Theorm: b) Electronegativity order : Li Be <B <e <N <o <F (0) (0.5) (2.0) (2.5) (3:0) (3:5) (9:01 Electronegativity increases left to right across a row in the periodic table as you more left to right nuclear Charge increases so there is a greater attraction for electrons - Lonisation Energy order: hi < B < Be <c<o<N SE < Ne DE: 513 801 899 1086 1314 1402 1681 2081 KI'mol Lonisation energy increases from left to right across a perick. There are some fluctuations in these general trends. For instance, the lE decreases from Be to B a he: 15 252 B: 15²25220" Bet: 15%25' g*: 15–252 After removing one electrons from B it get completely filled configaralim, thus LE of B Š less than be

Fron through anygen is to the right its on my gen is to the right of nitrogen bet ist te is slightly lower than that of oxygen • N:15%25?2p3 0: 25252p4 t ougen. Nt: 1572572p2. : 1823% 2p3 N has a halt-filled configuration, this half-filled configaratim is more stable than less than half-filled or has more than half-filled configuration. That's why, to remove an electron from N it require more energy-but in case of Ở after removing me electrom It gets halt filled configaration thus if require less energy then that for N. For tho reason, LE OF N is greater than o.
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