Question

Describe Gibbs free energy and explain how the change in free energy delta G can be used to predict if a reaction will be spontaneous or non-spontaneous. Explain how ATP acts as an energy carrier. Describe oxidative phosphorylation. Where is the electron transport chain (ETC) located and name each of the five complexes of ETC. Explain standard reduction potential. Explain how proton concentration gradient is used to drive ATP synthesis. Explain the role of uncoupling proteins. Identify the sugars below as aldose and ketose; and if it is a D- or L-sugar Identify which of the following pairs of molecules are epimers and isomers. In case of epimers, number the carbon at which they are epimers. Circle the anomeric carbon and identify if it is a alpha- or a beta- sugar. Name the glycosidic bond in the compounds below Describe the digestive lactase deficiency and the biochemical reaction associated with it.

Answer 1

Free enrgy of a system is the amount of energy available to do work. In order to predict if a reaction is spontaneous , non- spontaneius or at equilibrium. Foe this first you have to calculate the free energy change of the reaction. This can be done by substracting the total free enrgy of the reactant from the total free enrgy of the product. If the value is -ve , the reaction is spontaneous, if it it +ve , the reaction is non-spontaneous and if it is equal to zero, then the reaction is at equilibrium.