Question

10. This is Leucine, an amino acid. A. What types of bonds is Leucine composed of? он CH CH H3c CH3 B. Which of these bonds are polar and which are non-polar? 2 、H which parts of this molecule could form Hydrogen bonds with another molecule? What properties would this other molecule need to have for this to occur? C, ~ Which parts of this molecule could form hydrophobic interactions with another molecule? What properties would this other molecule need to have for this to occur? D. E. If a solution of leucine were boiled would the bonds shown in the image be broken? What about the bonds/interactions discussed in part C and D 11. Explain how flagella and endoflagella are similar and how are they different? 12. Explain what the difference is between osmosis and diffusion. 13. Explain why are penicillin-type antibiotics used more often in treating Gram positive bacterial infections rather than Gram negative bacterial infections (in general)? 14. What are the differences between exotoxins and endotoxins? Which toxin type is only produced by a Gr

Answer 1

Leucine он CH CH H2C CH A) There are 5 bonding connectivities are there i) C-N bond ii) C-C iii) C-O iv) O-H v) C-H All these bonds are formed by sharing of electrons, therefore these all are Covalent bond B) Polar bonds are those more electronegative atomis attached to less electro-ve atom. Therefore, bonds between O-H. Further, there is large electronegativity difference between C(2.55) and oxygen (3.44) Therefore, O-H and C-O bonds are polar. There is no great electronegativity difference between other bonds therefore, C-N bond,C-C bond and C-H bonds are Non polar. C) For hydrogen bonding, molecule must contains electronegative atom like N, O etc. Also it is necessory to present at least one hydrogen on these hetero atoms. Leucine contains Nitrogen as well as oxygen hetero atom. Therefore, amine group and hydroxy group of carboxylic acid forms hydrogen bond. о, он CH H-bonding H3C НС N-C CH CH2 Нас CH-CH2-C-H CH Нас Нас CH но о D) If molecule do not contain hetero atom as mentioned above, they do not interact with water and said to be hydrophobic. In above structure, the part of structure in square is hydrophobic because it do not contains any hetero atom