Question

For a process that has a parallel fraction (alpha) of 99.2%:

7a) Calculate the break-even point.

7b) Calculate the theoretical speedup at the break-even number of processors.

7d) Calculate the theoretical speedup if 2000 processors can be used (are available in the architecture).

7e) Explain what is meant-by CSMA-CD?

7f) Why is the Ethernet (original) frame size set to 576 bits?

7g) Explain the difference between a connection-oriented and connectionless packet transport strategy.   With TCP/IP, what protocol is connectionless and what protocol is connection-oriented?

7h) Explain the theoretical basis behind caching effectiveness.

7i) List and explain the three problem areas that limit the realizable speedup from the use of pipelines.

7j) Explain why modern processors use a RISC design as opposed to the other CISC design.

Answer 1

7e) Explain what is meant-by CSMA-CD

Answer:

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection is a type of protocol for networks that helps to triage transmissions and control network traffic. CSMA/CD and similar protocols have been used in Ethernet connections to manage traffic between different hardware devices.

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection is a media access control (MAC) method. With this protocol, the points of origin essentially "listen" for traffic before transmitting. Devices wait for a clear space before signaling. Moreover, with this protocol, there is the addition of more defined tools for stopping a transmission as soon as a collision is detected. This specific type of CSMA further qualifies the structures for network traffic, which has improved Ethernet cabling networks in LANs and WANs and other types of network setups

7g)Answer:

• A prior connection setup is needed in connection-oriented service but not in connectionless service.
• Connection-oriented service guarantees reliability but not connectionless service.
• Congestion is very unlikely in connection-oriented service but not in connectionless.
• Lost data retransmission is possible in connection-oriented service but not in connectionless service.
• Connection-oriented is suitable for long connection while connectionless is suitable for a bursty connection
• Packets reach the destination following the same route in connection-oriented service, but for connectionless, the packets can take different paths.
• Resource allocation is needed in the connection-oriented but not in the case of connectionless service.
• The transfer is slower in the connection-oriented due to connection setup time and ACK but is faster in connectionless service due to missing initial setup and ACK