Question

write about India's institutional environment of the market, government policy toward foreign business, swot analysis, ethical dilemmas, challenges, culture about the beer market. 3,000 word in pdf

Answer 1

1 * The Institutional Environment of India

The institutional environment comprises the regulative, the cognitive, and the normative dimensions.
The regulative dimension determines the ease of conducting business activity in a
country; the cognitive dimension refers to taken-for-granted practices as they pertain to
foreign investors; while the normative dimension pertains to the dominant values and beliefs
extant in a given country. In this chapter we will analyze the institutional environment of India.
We begin, first of all, with the regulatory dimension, followed by the cognitive and the normative dimensions.

a) Regulatory dimension
The regulatory dimension is an important component of the environment within which business firms operate. It is indicative of the degree to which the environment is favorable for the business, be it a local or foreign-owned company. A favorable regulatory environment is likely to be characterized by an absence of over-regulation.
(ii) Problematics of economic reform in India Although India is no doubt in the process of transforming itself from an inward to an outward oriented economy, it faces considerable
challenges in doing so. While the pace of reforms have picked up since 1991 and it is unlikely that they will be reversed, the Indian state still faces challenges in ensuring that the country is able to derive the maximal benefit from these reforms. In the sections to follow we will discuss some of the challenges that the Indian government faces in deepening the reform process and the implications for the negotiating process

2 * GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND FOREIGN CAPITAL IN INDIA

The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 and 1956 were the basis of the Government’s policy on foreign capital till 1991. The Indian    Government    recognised    foreign    capital    as    important supplement to domestic saving for the development of the country and   for   securing   scientific,   technical   and   industrial   know-how. Although as a matter of policy the major ownership and effective control of undertaking was to be in Indian hands, the government permitted, in a few cases, foreign capital to have major control of an enterprise. Foreign Investment Policy Foreign investment in India has been the direct outcome of the liberal trade policies undertaken and implemented by successive governments. The liberalisation program of the government aims at rapid and substantial growth of the country's economy and besides a harmonious integration with global economy. Foreign investment in India has created some wonderful opportunities in the country in terms of creating employment and improving the basic infrastructure of the country.
111Since   1990-91,   the   Government   of   India   embarked   on liberalisation and economic reforms with a view to bring about rapid and substantial economic growth and move towards globalisation of the economy. As a part of the reforms process, the government under its New Industrial Policy revamped its foreign investment policy, recognising the growing importance of foreign investment as an instrument of technology transfer, augmentation of foreign exchange reserves and globalisation of the Indian economy. ForeignDirectInvestmentPolicy The foreign direct investment provides for investment in Indian companies setting up of wholly owned\subsidiary in areas which are not reserved exclusively for the public sector or which are not under the prohibited categories such as real estate, insurance, agriculture and plantation. The approval mechanism for the foreign direct investment has a two tier system, the automatic route and the approval route. Under automatic route investment in areas are identified and up to the limits of foreign equity prescribed, companies can issue shares and receive inward remittance with a reporting requirement within a period of 30 days. No reference to the government is required. In approval   route,   the   proposals   are   considered   by   the   Foreign
112Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) serviced by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). Under a recent measure for simplifying the procedure, the RBI has dispensed with the need for obtaining RBI’s ‘in principle’ permission before receiving overseas investment or at a last stage for issuing shares to the foreign investors. The company however, has to make report to the RBI within 30 days after issue of shares to the foreign investors.1Foreign Direct Investment Policy Till 19912At the time of independence, the attitude of the Indian Government towards foreign direct investment was one of fear and suspicion. This was natural on account of the previous exploitative role played by the British in ‘draining away’ resources from India. This suspicion and hostility found expression in the Industrial Policy of 1948 which, though recognising the role of private foreign investment in the country, emphasised that its regulation was necessary in the national interest. Because of this attitude expressed in the 1948 Resolution, foreign capitalists were dissatisfied and as a result, the flow of capital goods into India was obstructed. The then Indian Prime Minister has some assurances to foreign investors in 1949. They are 1. The Government of India will not differentiate between foreign and Indian capital, the implication being that the government
113would not place any restriction or impose any condition on foreign enterprises which were not applicable to similar Indian enterprises 2. Foreign   exchange   position   permitting,   reasonable   facilities would be given to foreign investors for remittances of profits and repatriation of capital. 3. In case of nationalisation of the undertaking fair and equitable compensation would be paid to foreign investors. By a declaration issued on June 2, 1950, the government assured foreign capitalists that they could remit the returns from investments made by them in the country after January 1, 1950. In addition, they were also allowed to have reinvestment of profit. In the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, a more open attitude towards foreign direct investment was declared. But the response evinced was only moderate because foreign capital was allowed only in those industries where Indian capital was scarce. In 1968, the government issued an illustrative list whereby only some categories of industries were allowed to have inflows of foreign direct investments. In 1973 this list was narrowed down to 19 industries.
investment in news .

3 * SWOT ANALYSIS

An important strategic planning tool, SWOT analysis, helps planners to compare strengths, weaknesses,opportunities and threats. This analysis is used to obtain a critical view of the internal and external environment of the organizationandhelps toevaluate the fulfillmentof theorganization‘s mission.

SWOT ANALYSIS OF INDIAN IT INDUSTRY

Before we take up the SWOT analysis of Indian IT Industry let us capture its strengths   and   weaknesses   at   a   global   platform   provided   by   Global   Information Technology Report ( GITR)    2009-2010. It features the latest results of the Networked Readiness Index (NRI), offering a snapshot of the state of networked readiness in the world. With the coverage of 133 developed and developing economies of the world, representing at least 98% of global GDP, the report establishes itself as one of the most comprehensive assessment of ICT readiness. It includes detailed profiles of nations alongwith global rankings for 68 variables studied. NRI is a mixture of hard data collected    by    reputed    international    organizations,    such    as    the    International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations and the World Bank, alongwith survey data collected annually by conducting the Executive Opinion Survey.

4 * Ethical dilemma

An ethical dilemma is a decision making problem between two possible moral imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. It is sometimes called an ethical paradox in moral philosophy.
An ethical dilemma or ethical paradox is a decision-making problem between two possible moral imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. The complexity arises out of the situational conflict in which obeying one would result in transgressing another.

5 * ETHICAL DILEMMAS

Ethics in business has to do with making the right choices - often there is no apparent one right way and one must choose the best in the circumstances. Managers are sometimes faced with business choices that create tensions between ethics and profits, or between their private gain and the public good. Any decision where moral considerations are relevant can potentially give rise to an ethical dilemma, for example:
• A decision that requires a choice between rules •A decision where there is no rule, precedent or example to follow
• A decision that morally requires two or more courses of action, which are in practice incompatible with each other.
• A decision that should be taken in one’s self-interest, but which appears to violate a moral principle that you support. It is the imperative to act, combined with the uncertainty of which action to take, that causes a dilemma. My thinking was influenced by Goldratt’s (1994) Evaporating Cloud technique, which is used for the logical representation of conflict. The Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS)(Robinson, 2002) is designed specifically for the logical representation of any business issue that contains an ethical dimension. Its constructs provide the user with a consistent way of expressing moral dilemmas. you would try to imagine how you might accept the contract and not violate your principles (Z and Y). This might lead you to consider any of the following:
• blow the whistle on the general manager
• agree to the ‘kickback’ but never actually pay it
• lower the price to make it irresistible to the client,
but let it be known that no ‘kickback’ will be paid In addition, you would also try to imagine how you might make money and not accept the contract (X and –Z). This might lead you to consider any of the following:
• apply your efforts elsewhere, say in a client company where no ‘kickback’ is expected
• raise the price and threaten to blow the whistle on the general manager if he doesn’t still award the contract You are now in a position to make a choice between the generated alternatives. At this point you must decide whether to take a teleological approach, by considering the consequences of each action and eliminating those with undesirable consequences; or a deontological approach – eliminating those with courses of action that ought not to be implemented or that you would be loathe to see adopted as universal standards; or a virtue-ethical approach – eliminating those that you perceive as vices, and considering only the options you regard as virtuous. You might therefore decide on one of the following:

• blow the whistle on the general manager – clearly a deontological decision;
• agree to the kickback but never actually pay it – a decision taken from an ethical egoistic position;
• lower your price to make it irresistible to the client but let it be known that no ‘kickback’ will be paid – a virtuous decision; •apply your efforts elsewhere – which seems to combine both virtue-ethics (serenity) and deontology (categorical imperative);
• raise the price and threaten to blow the whistle on the general manager if he doesn’t award you the contract anyway – perhaps another example of ethical egoism.
8This example shows how the Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS) can be a useful tool in isolating alternative courses of action for rational consideration employing any of the relevant moral theories. To use the Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS) to resolve an ethical dilemma, first complete each construct of the Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS), i.e. the objective (O), the business imperative (X condition), the ethical imperative (Y condition), and the dilemmastatement (Z vs. –Z pre-requisite). Some think of the term ‘business ethics’ as an oxymoron. To them it seems that X conditions – the business imperatives – are anti-ethical, and that Y conditions – the ethical   imperatives   –   are   anti-business.   But,   whether   one   adopts   a   virtue   ethics,   deontological, or teleological approach, it remains true that the ethical quality of any action is ultimately defined by its purpose, and since the purpose of business is to maximize owner value through the sale of goods or services, ethics in the business sense must be assessed in terms of whether or not a particular action contributes to the maximization of owner value (Sternberg; in Megone, 2002). Thus, it may be argued, the notion that pursuit of social welfare in preference to owner value, much more to its detriment, can be regarded as ethical is absurd - since that is not the primary purpose of a business, it is illogical to elevate it above business imperatives and regard it as a condition of ethical business practice. Thus there is a strong case that a business ethic must contribute to the ultimate achievement of business goals, that is to say business ethics supports and enhances business performance. This pragmatic perspective suggests that the entrepreneurial ethic will be aligned with - even dependant upon - the entrepreneurial purpose. Since moral choices are unavoidable in business, the real challenge is “to make the ethical   componentof   business   decision-makingexplicit   so   as   to   make   it   better”   (Sternberg; in Megone, 2002: 28). The Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS) facilitates this by placing the business imperative (X) and the ethical imperative (Y) in relation to the business objective (O), thereby emphasizing that O implies BOTH X AND Y, not just one or the other. The Y condition is thereby not only made explicit, but can also be viewed and evaluated in terms of both the business and its corresponding X condition.
9PART   THREE   –   WORKED   EXAMPLES   ILLUSTRATING   THE   USE   OF   THE   BUSINESS ETHICS SYNERGY STAR (BESS) For those wishing to engage further with the Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS)technique, the following worked examples may be studied. There are five examples, sequenced in such a way that each subsequent example provides a more complex level of ethical reasoning, which is facilitated by the use of the Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS).

5 * challenge

challenge noun (DIFFICULT JOB) ​ B1 [ C or U ] (the situation of being faced with) something that needs great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability: Finding a solution to this problem is one of the greatest challenges faced by scientists today.

Abstract
Keywords:
Nodoubt,Educationhasattainedakeypositionintheknowledgesocietybothatnationalandglobal level as well. Over the last two decades, India has remarkably transformed its higher education landscape. It has created widespread access to low-cost high-quality university education for students of all levels. With well-planned expansion and a student-centric learning-driven model of education, India has not only bettered its enrolment numbers but has dramatically enhanced its learning outcomes. A differentiated three-tiered university system – where each tier has a distinct strategic objective – has enabled universities to build on their strengths and cater across different categories of educational needs. Further, withthe effectiveuseof technology, Indiahas beenable to resolve the longstanding tension between excellence and equity. India has also undertaken largescalereformstobetterfaculty-studentratiosbymakingteachinganattractivecareerpath,expanding capacityfor doctoral students at research universities anddelinkingeducationalqualifications from teaching eligibility. However, the challenges faced are immense and far-reaching. This paper focus on to identify the key challenges like demand-supply gap, quality education, research and development,facultyshortageetc.inIndia'seducationsector. HigherEducation,QualityEducation,UntrainedFaculty,Technology,UGC
Introduction InIndia, educationsector is oneof the developing sector asif offersa huge untappedmarket in regulated and non-regulated segments due to low literacy rate, high concentration in urban area andgrowingpercapitaincome.Highereducationisassuminganupwardsignificancefordeveloping countries, especially countries including India which is experiencing service-led growth. Higher education is all about generating knowledge encourage critical thinking and imparting skills relevant to society and determined by its needs. Education general and higher education in particular, is a highly nation-specific activity, determined by national culture and priorities. The growth of India's higher educational institutions has indeed been outstandingly rapid should form the four guiding principles, while planning for There will be four guiding principles i.e. access, equity, accountability and quality which should consider while planning for higher education developmentinIndiainthetwenty-firstcentury. Demand–supplygap.Indiansocietyputsapremiumonknowledgeanditsacquisition-spendingon education has figured as the single largest outlay fora middle class household after food and groceries. With itsrapidly expanding middle class, India's private expenditure on education is set to increasemanifold.
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Intl.J.Adv.Res.Comm&Mgmt.Sept.2015;1(3):54-58 Challenges in Indian….
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ISSN NO: 2395-0749 Anubhav Singh, 2015
To reduce the demand supply gap in school education, it has been proposed in the 12th FYP (201217) to set up6,000 schools at blocklevelas modelschools tobenchmark excellence. Of these, 2500 will be set up under Public Private Partnership. Further, easy availability of education loans to studentsithasbeenproposedinBudget2012-13tosetupaCreditGuaranteeFundforthispurpose. Quality education: Indian education system, particularly public sector, has delivered with apparent dichotomy – islands of excellence (IIT and IIM) on one hand, and high proportion of below par institutions on the other. While there has been a remarkable improvement in indicators such as a) numberofschools/colleges,b)enrolmentratios,c)dropoutrates,andd)literacyrates,Indianeedsto grapplewiththeproblemofeducatedbutunemployableyouth. Excessive regulation results in poor qualityeducation:Excessive governmentregulation has stifled participationofprivatesectorineducation.The ”andthe“ ”resultsina) lower participation of private sector, and b) wrong selection of entrepreneurs, resulting in poor educationqualityevenwithintheprivatesector. Lackoftrainedfaculties:Facultyshortagesandtheinabilityofthestateeducationalsystemtoattract and retain well-qualified teachers have been posing challenges to quality education for many years. Thequalityofteachingisalsooftenpoorandthereareconstraintsfacedintrainingthefaculty Many colleges and universities were started inIndia for removing regional imbalances and for supportingeducation of weaker and disadvantaged classes, particularlyof women. These institutions and other developmental programs for weaker classes are still facing resource constraints, which are further aggravated by ignorance, poverty and disadvantages of the people they serve. This is resulting in wideningdividesandinkeepingmanyeducatedfromweakeranddisadvantagessectionsoutsidethe job and employment markets. The challenge of these marginalized and deprived to the system of educationisenormous. The unit cost of traditional education, particularly of professional education, is quite high and has gone out of reach of the Indian middle and lower classes. Many private entrepreneurs have started educational institutions for offering creamy courses with marketingapproach;andhaveraisedfeesnotaffordabletomajority. Subsidytotheeducationbythe state is not the rightsolution in the present situation, when numbers aspiring for higher education is large andever increasing.The deprivedare alreadycreating pressure on thestateto make education accessible;andhaveraisedanissueofsocioeconomicequityandjustice. Education under the Indian Constitution is on the concurrent list, which makes it both a Central and a State subject. Over the years, lack of communication and co-ordination between the two spheres of authority has resulted in creation of multipleregulatorsinthissector.Thecomplexityisfurther compoundedduetoanumber ofonerous regulationsgoverninginvestmentinthissector. “notforprofit truststructure Developmental disparities and unsolved Indian problems: High cost of higher education: Multiple regulators and onerous regulations

6 * culture about the beer market

Beer is the oldest and the most widely consumed alcoholic beverage of the world (Arnold 2005). In the United States, beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage, with roughly $50 billion in annual sales. Beer drinking is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture, and friendships. Although preferences for types of beer may be regional,sharingbeerwithfriendsisuniversal.Friendsmightmeettosocialize over pitchers of beer every Friday night to end the work week. Many social traditions and activities are associated with drinking beer, such as watching sporting events. While specific types of beer and social attitudes towards drinking beer vary around the world, the basics of brewing beer are shared across many cultural boundaries. Since beer is often consumed socially with a group of friends, social groups often consume the same style of beer. This may lead to possible habit formationandpeereffects.Anewgroupmembermaybuyapitcherofbeerthatdoes not conform to the social group’s tastes. The pitcher may be consumed only by the purchaser. The new group member will likely consider this feedback when he or she makes the next purchase for the group. The macrobrews dominate the beer market in the United States. US consumers’ first (and sometimes only) contact with beer will likely be the macro lagers that are designed to sell at a low cost. However, microbrews and craft beers are gaining ground. Regional differences exist in preferences for microbrews versus macro lagers. Microbrew pubs and microbrewed beer have