Question

The past three decades saw a major drop in the rate of most crimes, often in the largest cities. Examine various explanations for this; consider both the actions of governments (ie, law enforcement and corrections), and the social and demographic changes that government had nothing to do with. Judge the extent to which the causes of crime can be dealt with directly by public policy and administration.

Answer 1

answer-

the most remarkable trends in recent years have been the tremendous decline in most of crimes like violence.Government plays very important role in this because Government has been making legislation and rules which limits or may be remove the hope of crime from cities also government is increasing hiring of law enforcement by funding them and giving them all the upgraded resources to deal with crimes at both local and national level. Government is providing training to these law officers to be effective as we can see today's law officers are more vigilant, attentive and skilled as compared to past officers. also now law officers have technological resources like

Rapid Identification Systems

The rise of big data has also led to rapid identification systems, which allow police officers to quickly see the criminal history of individuals through a basic search. People pulled over while driving without a license can still be identified instantly through an in-car computer search.

Detection, Monitoring, and Positioning Systems

Today, law enforcement can use technology to detect and solve criminal activity happening in the moment. Instead of reacting, these technologies allow law enforcement to be more proactive.

Some detection, monitoring, and positioning systems technology aiding law enforcement include:

• Drones: When police need an aerial view of a scene, drones can help law enforcement safely observe an area.
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS): GPS not only helps police officers get to crime scenes or locate criminals more easily. It also helps departments better manage police forces, since maps of police officer dissemination can ensure more areas are covered. The integration of GPS with other police systems helps make data more robust, as location services are seamlessly included in reporting.

also other than government factors, society and private business sectors have part in decline of crimes.

Private security forces expanded. Private companies started hiring private security guards. Home-owners started to install alarm systems and camera systems. Technology improved that made motor-vehicle theft much less successful. Cities started to install camera systems.

So it wasn’t just the police. It was about the transformation of urban spaces, about a set of changes that took place at the same time. Part of that was a very local mobilization against violence that was driven by residents and local organizations to retake parks, alleyways, city blocks, and to confront violence in a way that communities have always tried to do but that they did in a much more systematic and comprehensive way in the early 1990s. These local organizations had a causal effect on violence and their emergence should be seen alongside the expansion of police forces as one of the most important changes that took place in the 1990s.

The causes of crimes like theft, bullying, harrassment, fighting etc can be dealt directly with public policy and administration but huge crimes like murder or mass murder, bomb attacks etc are in terrain of government.