Question

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When two liquids A & B are mixed, total volume V is expressed in terms of partial molar volumes Vm and amount n, write equation: ____________________________________________________ ? On the other hand, free energy change ΔG of mixing is expressed as:________________________________________ while entropy change ΔS of mixing is expressed as:________________________________________ -Raoult's law: associated with solvent in an ideal solution, expressed as: (write eq.) _______________________________ ? While Henry's law: associated with solute in an ideal solution, expressed as: (write eq.) ________________________________? Note: you need to distinguish from “Vapor pressure depression ΔP formula” where ΔP is defined in terms of mole fraction of solute as:______________________________ ? -Some binary mixtures behave ideally and a plot of vapor pressure vs X yield ________________ lines. However, if curves occur above these lines we get ____________________ deviation from Raoult's law. In terms of molecular interactions these are _____________________ (stronger/weaker). -We can determine the concentration of a gas in water by using ________________ law? Where in this case the relevant equation is ______________________________ ? -Vapor pressure depression ΔP, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure all referred to as _________________________ properties. -During osmosis pure water is driven through semi-permeable membrane by osmotic pressure (write eq.): Π = __________________________ due to a concentration _______________________? In reverse osmosis (RO) seawater is driven through semi-permeable membrane by ________________ pressure that is theoretically equal to osmotic pressure. -When molar Gibbs energy Gm is at minimum vs composition (or reaction coordinates) then the reaction is at ____________________________ and Gibbs energy change ΔGm = ____________ ? -We can determine whether a process is progressing forward, backward, or at equilibrium by finding the value of ΔGr using the equation: ______________________________________? In this equation we use reaction quotient Q and not _________ because we don't know how the reaction is progressing. -According to Le Chatelier principle if we increase the temperature in an exothermic process then the ____________________ process is favored, contrary to endothermic process where a _________________ is favored.

Answer 1

1.V=nA.Vm(A)+ nB.Vm(B)

Summation of Molar volumes multiplied by number of moles.

2.∆Gmix=RT.summation of.Xi.lnXi

3.∆Smix=R.summation of Xi.lnXi

4. Psolution=Xsolvent.Psolvent.Xsolvent is mole fraction of solvent.

5.c= kP where c is the concentration,P is partial pressure of soite and k constant.

6.∆P= Xb.Po . Xb is mole fraction of solute and Po is initial pressure.

7.straight. positive.weaker.

8.Henry's law. P=k.C. p partial pressure of gas and C is concentration.

9.colligative.

10.= cRT.Gradient.Hydrostatic pressure.

11.equilibrium.

12.0.

13.∆Go+RTlnQ.Q is reaction quotient.

Concentration.

14.backward and forward.