Question

1.Describe what PTH instructs cells of the kidney to do that will directly increase calcium ions in the

blood.

2. Describe what PTH instructs kidney cells to do that will indirectly increase calcium ions in the blood

through the effects on the small intestines.

3. Explain how increased melanin could inhibit the ability to produce complete bone matrix.

Answer 1

1) Parathyroid hormone also stimulates the production of active vitamin D in the kidneys. It also increases bone reabsorption of calcium into blood through the proximal tubule distal tubule and loop of henle reabsorption this is the direct effect through kidney by PTH

2) indirect increase of calcium in blood via kidney is through reducing the loss of calcium in urine which ultimately increases the calcium level.

3)it is seen in researches that melanin produces some proteins and that promotes the osteoclast formation and which inhibits the ability to produce complete bone matrix