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A researcher wants to conduct a before/after study on 13 subjects to determine if a treatment...

A researcher wants to conduct a before/after study on 13 subjects to determine if a treatment results in higher scores.  The hypotheses are:


Ho: D = 0
Ha: D < 0

Scores are obtained on the subjects both before and after the treatment. After subtracting the after scores from the before scores, the resulting value of the sample mean differen e is -2.85 with a Sd of 1.01.

what are the degrees of freedom, critical t value at alpha .01, and the observed t value?
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