Question

Case One: Cloud Helps Fight Cancer

Each minute one person in the United States dies from cancer—over half a million deaths per year. Thousands of scientists and physicians are working around the clock to fight cancer where it starts—in our DNA.

DNA is a molecule present in our cells that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The complete set of DNA instructions is called your genome, and it comes packaged into two sets of chromosomes, one set from your mother and one set from your father. Sometimes those instructions are miscoded or misread, which can cause cells to malfunction and grow out of control—resulting in cancer.

Doctors now routinely use patient genetic data along with personal data and health factors to design highly personalized treatments for cancer patients. However, genome sequencing is a highly complex effort—it takes about 100 gigabytes of data to represent just a single human genome. Only a few years ago, it was not even feasible to analyze an entire human genome. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was the international, collaborative research program whose goal was the complete mapping and understanding of all the genes of human beings. The HGP took over 15 years and cost in the neighborhood of $3 billion, but the result was the ability to read the complete genetic blueprint for humans.

It takes a computer with powerful processing power and prodigious amounts of storage capacity to process all the patient data required to sequence their genome. Most researchers simply do not have the in-house computing facilities equal to the challenge. As a result, they turn to cloud computing solutions, such as the Amazon Web Services public cloud system. Thanks to cloud computing and other technical advances, sequencing of a human genome can now be done in about 40 hours at a cost of under $5000.

Researchers at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus, Ohio invented Churchill, a software application that analyzes gene sequences very efficiently. Using cloud computing and this new algorithm, researchers at the hospital are now able to analyze a thousand individual genomes over the period of a week. Not only does this technology enable the hospital to help individual patients, it also helps large-scale research efforts exploring the genetic mutations that cause diseases.

Using the cloud also enables doctors and researchers worldwide to share information and collaborate more easily. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is a research program supported by the National Cancer Institute and the National Human Genome Research Institute, whose goal is to identify genomic changes in more than 20 different types of human cancer. TCGA researchers compare the DNA samples of normal tissue with cancer tissue taken from the same patient to identify changes specific to that cancer. The researchers hope to analyze hundreds of samples for each type of cancer from many different patients to better understand what makes one cancer different from another cancer. This is critical because two patients with the same type of cancer can experience very different outcomes and respond very differently to the same treatment. Researchers hope to develop more effective, individualized treatments for each patient by connecting specific genomic changes with specific outcomes.

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. What advantages does cloud computing offer physicians and researchers in their fight against cancer?

2. Estimate the amount of data required to analyze the human genome of 100 patients for each of 20 different types of cancer.

3. Physicians must abide by HIPAA regulations when transmitting data back and forth to the cloud. The penalties for noncompliance are based on the level of negligence and can range from $100 to $50,000 per violation (or per record). Violations can also carry criminal charges, resulting in jail time. What measures can be taken when using cloud computing to ensure that patient confidentiality will not be violated?

Answer 1

What advantages does cloud computing offer physicians and researchers in their fight against cancer?

The advantages that cloud computing offer physicians and researchers in their fight against cancer is, that one human genome takes up 100 gigs of data on a computer. So, when a researcher needs to study multiple genomes they do not have the computing space to hold them all. The researcher then looks to a cloud-based system where all the data is stored and uses this tool to do their work. Hospitals are also able to access the cloud to analyze genomes to look for genetic mutations that cause diseases. Lastly, it allows doctors and researchers to share information and communicate on their thoughts easier. This is because everyone that is connected can see the comments within the cloud system.          

Estimate the amount of data required to analyze the human genome of 100 patients for each of 20 different types of cancer.

When the amount of the data that is required to analyze the human genome of 100 patients of each of the 20 different types of cancer, can be answered by reviewing the case study in our text book. Our text book says, “it takes about 100 gigabytes of data to represent just a single human genome” (Stair & Reynolds, 2018, p. 210). With this information we can calculate how much data is required to store each type of cancer. Our text book also says that they take over 100 samples of each cancer type to see of there any differences. If it takes 100 gigabytes of data for one genome, it will take 1,000,000 gigabytes or one terabyte for one type of cancer. They are trying to see how much data it would take to store the 20 types of data, it will take 20 terabytes of data to have these types of cancer.     

Physicians must abide by HIPAA regulations when transmitting data back and forth to the cloud. The penalties for noncompliance are based on the level of negligence and can range from $100 to $50,000 per violation (or per record). Violations can also carry criminal charges, resulting in jail time. What measures can be taken when using cloud computing to ensure that patient confidentiality will not be violated?

When it comes to HIPAA regulations when data is transmitted back and fourth from the cloud, so fines or criminal charges are not filed. The measures that can be taken when using a cloud service so patient confidentiality is not violated is by using a hybrid cloud computing service. This service allows a medical office to run its email server on a public server and its clients files on a private one. Or text book says, “So hospitals may run its Web conferencing and email applications on a public cloud while running its applications that access patients records on a private cloud to meet Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act” (Stair & Reynolds, 2018, p. 201) This allows the office to protect the information that is stored on the cloud service so that anyone can access the information. When it comes to a Public cloud, the information is stored onto a third parties server and this allow accesses to information such as communication services. Our text book says, “In a public cloud computing environment, a service provider organization owns and manages the infrastructure (including computing, networking, and storage devices) with cloud user organizations (called tenants) accessing slices of shared hardware resources via the internet. The service provider can deliver increasing amounts of computing, networking, and storage capacity on demand and without requiring any capital investment on the part of the cloud users. This way the hospital does not need to spend money on employees to monitor and run their email servers. They can use a third-party company such as yahoo or Microsoft office 365 to control their email.

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