10. (1 pt) Let’s say you observed a Type Ia supernova in a galaxy 5 billion light years away. If the age of the Universe is about 13.8 billion years, what is the look-back time to that supernova? (Think about it. It is a question included to check if you understand what look-back time really means.)
11. What is the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)?
12. The discovery of the CMBR exemplifies what happens when theory and observation meet. Who made the predictions and what did they predict? Who made the observations and what were they actually wanting to observe?
10. 8.8 billion years
The lookback time tL to an object is the difference between the age t0 of the Universe now (at observation) and the age te of the Universe at the time the photons were emitted (according to the object). therefore the answer is 13.8 - 5=8.8 billion years.
11. The Big Bang theory suggests the early universe was a very hot location, and the gas inside it cools as it expands. Therefore the universe will be filled with radiation which is essentially the leftover heat leftover from the Big Bang, called the "cosmic microwave background," or CMB.
12. The existence of the CMB radiation was first predicted by Ralph Alpherin 1948 in connection with his research on Big Bang Nucleosynthesis undertaken together with Robert Herman and George Gamow. The three scientists agreed that the Big Bang's radiant energy still continues to exist in the universe today, though significantly diminished in strength by space expansion. The present temperature corresponding to this energy was determined further by Alpher and Herman to be 5 K, which in the Kelvin scale means 5 degrees above absolute zero. Radiant energy at a temperature of 5 K is mostly in the frequency band of microwaves.
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson first unintentionally discovered this at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, in 1965. In a radio receiver they were developing, the radiation was serving as a source of unnecessary noise. Penzias and Wilson were working with a very sensitive radio telescope, looking for something completely different – neutral hydrogen – when they happened to stumble upon this microwave radiation.
10. (1 pt) Let’s say you observed a Type Ia supernova in a galaxy 5 billion...
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