Question

As a result of his work, Pavlov “discovered” a type of learning called:

7. Can the immune system be classically conditioned to not work?

a. Yes

b. No

8. Thorndike investigated trial-and-error behavior in animals and “discovered” a type of learning called:

9. Watson, in working with little Albert and other children, found that strong emotions such as fears can be to other stimuli (e.g., other animals, fur coat, etc.) similar to the original one (e.g., rat).

10. In operant conditioning, anything that increases the rate of response is called a:

Answer 1

8. THE FAILURES THORNDIKE MET LED HIM TO FALL BACK ON A TRIAL AND ERROR EXPLANATION OF LEARNING. THORNDIKE FOUND THAT AFTER ACCIDENTALLY STEPPING ON THE SWITCH ONCE, THEY WOULD PRESS THE SWITCH FASTER IN EACH SUCCEEDING TRIAL INSIDE THE PUZZLE BOX. BY OBSERVING AND RECORDING THE ANIMALS’ ESCAPES AND ESCAPE TIMES, THORNDIKE WAS ABLE TO GRAPH THE TIMES IT TOOK FOR THE ANIMALS IN EACH TRIAL TO ESCAPE, RESULTING IN A LEARNING CURVE. THE ANIMALS HAD DIFFICULTY ESCAPING AT FIRST, BUT EVENTUALLY "CAUGHT ON" AND ESCAPED FASTER AND FASTER WITH EACH SUCCESSIVE PUZZLE BOX TRIAL, UNTIL THEY EVENTUALLY LEVELED OFF. THE QUICKENED RATE OF ESCAPE RESULTS IN THE S-SHAPE OF THE LEARNING CURVE. THE LEARNING CURVE ALSO SUGGESTED THAT DIFFERENT SPECIES LEARNED IN THE SAME WAY BUT AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS. FROM HIS RESEARCH WITH PUZZLE BOXES, THORNDIKE WAS ABLE TO CREATE HIS OWN THEORY OF LEARNING. THE PUZZLE BOX EXPERIMENTS WERE MOTIVATED IN PART BY THORNDIKE'S DISLIKE FOR STATEMENTS THAT ANIMALS MADE USE OF EXTRAORDINARY FACULTIES SUCH AS INSIGHT IN THEIR PROBLEM SOLVING: "IN THE FIRST PLACE, MOST OF THE BOOKS DO NOT GIVE US A PSYCHOLOGY, BUT RATHER A EULOGY OF ANIMALS. THEY HAVE ALL BEEN ABOUT ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE, NEVER ABOUT ANIMAL STUPIDITY