Question

Chase & Simon (1973) compared an expert chess player with novice chess players. Which of the following most accurately summarized the results of this experiment?

A.	the chess master was not as able to successfully reproduce actual game situations as well as the novice players
B.	the chess master was better than novices at reproducing both the actual game positions of the chess pieces as well as when the chess pieces were randomly placed on the board
C.	the chess master’s performance drops to the level of the beginner’s when the chess pieces were arranged randomly
D.	the novice’s performance (accurate recall of the board) was better for random placement than for actual game placement

Craik & Tulving (1975) conducted an experiment comparing shallow and deep processing. They tested participants on both their speed of reaction and memory performance. Which of the following statements best summarizes the results of this experiment?

A.	no differences were found between shallow and deep processing
B.	deep processing takes longer but does not lead to better performance
C.	shallow processing is quicker and more efficient (better memory performance) than deep processing
D.	deep processing takes longer but results in better memory performance than shallow processing

Stanley and Martin were questioned by police about a car accident that they had witnessed just a couple of hours ago. Stanley was asked how fast the car was going when it smashed into the stop sign. Martin was asked how fast the car was going when it hit the stop sign. With all else being equal, the researchers of this study (Loftus & Palmer, 1974) would predict that

A.	the same speed that Martin remembered the car was going
B.	slower than the speed that Martin remembered
C.	faster than the speed that Martin remembered
D.	at least 100 MPH

In a study discussed in class, researchers (Wade, Garry, Read, & Lindsay, 2002) attempted to produce false memories by using image-enhancing technology. Specifically, the researchers inserted a childhood photo of the participant into another photo of a hot air balloon. The childhood photo was taken when the participant was between 4-8 years of age. The participants who were now young adults (university students ranging in age from 18-28) were required to view the fake photos over a three-session interview. What were the results of this study?

A.	false memories could not be produced
B.	amnesia was produced
C.	after three interviews, about half of the participants created complete or partial false memories (believing they had taken the ride in the hot air balloon when they had never done so)
D.	it appeared that their sensory memory was impaired by the fake photo

Researchers (Rizzolatti, 2002; Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2010) have recently stumbled onto a previously unknown type of neurons whose activity provides a neural basis for imitation and observational learning. For example, when a monkey grasps, holds, or tears something, these neurons fire. They likewise fire when the monkey is observing another monkey doing so as well. They also found that the same thing happens in the neurons located in the frontal cortex of people when they smile, see others smiling, or are reminded of others smiling. Rizzolatti calls them:

A.	mirror neurons
B.	mirror incentives
C.	the chameleon effect
D.	neural reinforcers

Which of the following is involved in Hermann Ebbinghaus’ serial learning experiments?

A.	at least half of the nonsense syllable presented needed to be recalled for the participant to be given credit for a successful trial
B.	each nonsense syllable presented needed to be recalled in perfect order for the participant to be given credit for a successful trial
C.	each nonsense syllable presented needed to be recalled but the order was not required for the participant to be given credit for a successful trial
D.	paired nonsense syllables need to be remembered

You start your car and as you are letting it warm up you take a glance at your grocery list. A few seconds later an annoying beeping noise starts to go off. You click the seat beat and the noise thankfully ceases. This is an example of:

A.	escape conditioning
B.	negative reinforcement
C.	passive avoidance
D.	approach-avoidance conflict

Goddon and Baddeley (1975) had scuba divers tested in two settings. They listened to a list of words either sitting on the beach or 10 feet under water. They later asked for the recall of the words in one of the two settings. Differences were found that indicated that more efficient recall was more likely to occur in a similar environment (for example: water/water and land/land groups outperformed the water/land and land/water groups). As far as retrieval is concerned which of the following best describes what is involved here?

A.	von Restorff effect
B.	recognition cue
C.	cued recall
D.	context effect

According to Hermann Ebbinhaus’ forgetting curve, after completion of a perfect trial of a list of words, which of the following would be most likely to take place?

A.	gradual forgetting during the first five hours; complete forgetting after that point
B.	gradual forgetting during the first five hours; dramatic forgetting after that point
C.	dramatic forgetting during the first hour (over 50% of the list) and then gradual forgetting after that point
D.	dramatic forgetting during the first hour (over 50% of the list) and then complete loss (retrieval failure) within 31 days

In one experiment, researchers (Garcia & Koelling, 1966) conditioned two groups of laboratory rats. Group 1 was shocked when they licked flavored water; Group 2 was made ill by x-rays after they drank the flavored water. Considering the results of the experiment, what were the conclusions of the researchers?

A.	rats seem to be predisposed to associate tastes with skin pain and to associate lights and sounds with illness
B.	rats seem to be predisposed to associate tastes with illness and to associate lights and sounds with skin pain
C.	no associations were witnessed as a blocking effect was witnessed
D.	since simultaneous pairing took place, little to no conditioning occurred

• According to John Watson, his experiment on "Little Albert" (Watson & Raynor, 1920) was done for the following reason?

. A.	. Watson admitted to carrying out this experiment because of idle curiosity
. B.	. Watson wanted to see if he could condition a phobia in an otherwise normal infant
. C.	. Watson wanted to impress his grad assistant by traumatizing the 11month old infant
. D.	. the experiment was conducted for medical purposes as the little boy had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder

This very small area of the brain, nevertheless, has more neurons than the rest of the brain combined. Damage in this area will cause these people to have trouble with rapid movements requiring aim, timing, or alterations of movements. Damage here also inhibits the ability to develop certain conditioned reflexes such as associating a tone with an impending puff of air.

. A.	. lateral corticospinal tract
. B.	. medial corticospinal tract
. C.	. cerebellum
. D.	. premotor cortex

Answer 1

Chase And Simon study(1973) Answer :

C. The chess master's performance drops to the level of the beginner's when the chess pieces were randomly arranged.

Craik and Tulving's Experiment Answer :

D. deep processing takes longer but results in better memory performance than shallow processing.

Loftus and Palmer study(1974) Answer :

C. faster than the speed that Martin remembered.

Wade,Garry,Read and Lindsay (2002) study Answer :

C. after three interviews,about half of the participants created complete or partial false memories(believing they had taken ride in the ot air balloon when they had never done so).

Rizzolatti (2002) Answer :

A. mirror neurons.

Hermann Ebbhighaus experiment Answer :

B. each nonsense syllable presented needed to be recalled in the perfect order for the participant to be given credit for a successful trial.

You start your car......This is an example of - Answer :

A.Escape conditioning.

Goddon and Baddeley(1975) Answer:

D. context effect

Ebbinghaus Forggeting Curve Answer :

C. dramatic forgetting during the first hour(over 50% of the list) and then gradual forgetting after that point.

Garcia and Koelling (1966) Experiment Answer :

D.since simultaneous pairing took place,litttle to no conditioning occurred.

Little ALbert Experiment Answer:

B. Watson wanted to see if he could condition a phobia in an otherwise normal infant.

Area of the Brain Answer :

D. premotor cortex.