Question

1.a call is made from subscriber A and B who are in the same place at a time . explain how the call is routed

2. what are the factors encouraging cloud computing .

Answer 1

Answer :

step 1 : A call is made from subscriber A and B who are in the same place at a time due to this :

When cell phone A user dials the number of B, presses the send or talk key, and the mobile phone sends a call setup request message to the mobile phone network via the nearest mobile phone base transceiver station (BTS).

The call setup request message is handled next by the mobile switching center(MSC), which checks the subscriber's record held in the visitor location register to see if the outgoing call is allowed. If so, the MSC then routes the call in the same way that a telephone exchange does in a fixed network.

If the subscriber is on a prepaid tariff, then an additional check is made to see if the subscriber has enough credit to proceed. If not, the call is rejected. If the call is allowed to continue, then it is continually monitored and the appropriate amount is decremented from the subscriber's account. When the credit reaches zero, the call is cut off by the network.

Step 2: we identified 5 resistance factors, these factors are:

1 .Security

With applications and data being hosted by a service provider, data is no longer under the control of management and therefore prone to vulnerabilities. Hosting applications and data in shared infrastructures increases the potential of unauthorized access and raises concerns such as identity management, authentication, compliance, confidentiality, integrity, availability of data, network security and physical security.
2. Complexity :

The literatures revealed that most   are not familiar with new technologies which may prevent them from adopting any technology in general and Cloud computing in particular

3. Privacy and Trust

The findings in literatures show the privacy of government is counted as one of the most important factors in Cloud computing, and this problem may lead to prevent to adopting it . There are no laws which block a user from exposing data to the cloud providers . This exposure of data sometimes leads to critical consequences

4. Motivations

The findings in literatures show that there is no important motivation for governments in pushing them towards adopting Cloud computing, since these are non-profit sector . Such governments are not interested to be modern or innovative. The findings show that the ruling authority have a direct influence to moving toward adopting the new technologies

5. Culture​​​​​​​

Culture plays an important role in the acceptance of new technologies and particularly the Cloud computing . The findings also show that the national culture of some countries has negatively affect the adoption of Cloud computing. For example, the citizens are used to going personally to the offices of government to complete their work, and they also enjoy having face-to face meetings with the employees and managers in order to accomplish their mission

Answer 2

1. When a call is being made between two cellphones A and B, the call/connection never gets routed directly. Instead the call is first routed from phone A to a base station, from where the call is then again routed to another base station near to phone B from where it ultimately gets directed to the other end of network. In normal cases the base station so referred are Cell Towers that we see everyday. The figure below best explains how a call gets routed:

This is not how it works in all the cases, but the generalized method.

During a satellite phone call the call is routed from phone A to the satellite which can only then route the call to phone B if it is stationed at the right geo-stationary position. This explains why satellite calls are not that reliable though they have a wide area of connectivity.

2. Factors encouraging Cloud Computing:

First it is essential to understand the three major categories of Cloud computing. They are Software-as-a-Service (SaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS).

With SaaS, you are simply accessing software over the Internet that is offered and maintained entirely by the cloud provider. The type of software can include e-mail, content management systems, productivity software and business applications.

With PaaS, the cloud host provides a hardware and software platform on which you can develop, install and run applications, Web sites or other services. You don't have direct access to the backend servers, but you have more control over what you can do on them.

With IaaS, the cloud host provides computing resources including physical or virtual servers, storage space and networking capabilities over which you have a lot of control. You are basically renting access to a portion of a data center's network and servers, and you can install and upload anything you want to them.

The factors are:

• Security: There's no such thing as an entirely unbreachable system, but the better your cloud service's security, the less likely you are to have access and speed issues.
• Budgeted assets: Cloud computing can give you tools and computing power that are superb but the benefit may be proportionate to how much you can spend.
• Advancements in Virtualization Technology has certainly added to the cloud computing culture. Now it is advised to rent computing power rather than set up, our own servers. This is due to decreased network issues and low down-time.
• Backup: Unlike self published services, the cloud services are backed up with strong technology so that the data are never lost, even in times of calamities.
• New innovations through the GUI has made it easier than before to simply use the cloud services for any purposes, rather than spend hours setting up environments and then code.

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