E. Japan
Unlike in US where the market or trade structure is concentrated, Japan has a more fragmented structure hence the pressure is less while engaging in sales promotion.
C. Southern Europe
Fragmented Retail Markets:
Southern Europe (e.g., Italy, Spain, Greece) has a highly fragmented retail sector, dominated by small, independent stores and regional chains rather than large national retailers.
This fragmentation reduces competitive pressure for promotions, as small retailers focus on local customer relationships rather than price wars.
Why Not Other Options?
A. Northern Europe / B. Canada / D. United States: These markets are consolidated, with dominant players (e.g., Walmart, Tesco, Loblaws) driving intense promotion-based competition.
E. Japan: While fragmented, convenience stores (e.g., 7-Eleven) and keiretsu networks create competitive pressure.
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