Question

before he died an annitant had recieved 12500 in monthly benefit from his 25000 straight life annuity he was also the insured under a 50000 paid

Answer 1

RIPV2

Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2), was a common LAN routing protocol in the '90s, but is rapidly fading away in production networks. RIPv2 suffered from scalability issues due to a relatively low maximum hop count of 15 routing devices. Compared to more modern dynamic routing protocols, RIPv2's methods for selecting optimal routes and the substantial convergence time it takes to recalculate paths renders it nearly obsolete. Today, the only reason you might run across a network running RIPv2 is either that the network is very old and in serious need of an upgrade or the network is running cheaper, consumer-grade routing hardware that can only support RIP.

As for RIPv2, let’s see some of the advantages:

• It’s a standardized protocol
• It’s VLSM compliant
• Provides fast convergence, and sends triggered updates when the network changes
• Works with snapshot routing – making it ideal for dial networks

BGP

The dynamic routing protocol that is the most different from all the others is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). RIP, EIGRP and OSPF are all interior gateway protocols (IGP) while BGP is an exterior gateway protocol (EGP). Basically, interior protocols are meant to dynamically route data across a network that you fully control and maintain. Exterior routing protocols are used to exchange routes between distinctly separate networks that you have no administrative control over. BGP is the routing protocol used on the internet; therefore, the most common enterprise use is to run BGP on your internet edge when connecting to your ISP.

Advantages of BGP

1. Internet service advantages

If you're an Internet service provider (ISP), running BGP in your network is almost a must. I've seen consumer-focused ISPs that tried to get around this recommendation and used BGP solely to peer with their upstream ISPs, but they eventually had to bite the bullet and deploy BGP to increase the stability of their network, provide end-to-end quality-of-service or penetrate enterprise markets. Enterprise-focused ISPs have to run BGP from the start to support their multi-homed customers).

2. Layer 3 VPN services

We've seen a variety of technologies used to implement Layer 3 VPN services in recent years, and MPLS-based VPNs have undoubtedly proven to be the most scalable solution, partly due to using BGP as the underlying routing protocol. Fortunately, you don't have to deploy BGP everywhere in your network if you want to deploy MPLS/VPN solutions. It's enough to deploy BGP on the Provider Edge (PE) routers that connect your VPN customers and on a few core devices that act as route servers (these devices should not be expected to forward heavy traffic loads).

3. Increasing network stability

Although I've met networking engineers trying to use BGP as the sole routing protocol in their networks, that's not how you should use it. Any decent BGP design should rely on another faster routing protocol (for example, OSPF, EIGRP or IS-IS) to provide core routing in the network, with BGP responsible for the edge/customer routing.

With the separation of core and edge routing into two routing protocols, your network core becomes more stable, as the edge problems cannot disrupt the core. This design has been used very successfully in large enterprise networks with haphazard addressing schemes that defied attempts at route summarization. It should also be used in almost all service provider environments. You should never carry your customers' routes in your core routing protocol, as customer's internal problems could quickly affect the stability of your own network.

I must note that it's amazing what you can see in the field. I saw an ISP running OSPF with its customers a few years ago. In that setup, a rogue or ignorant customer could have easily disrupted the whole service provider network.

4. Automatic Response to Denial-of-Service Attacks

Among other peculiarities, BGP allows you to specify any IP address as the next-hop for an IP prefix. This property is most-often used to ensure optimum routing across a BGP autonomous system. You can also use it to implement network-wide sinkholes and remote blackholes to quickly stop worms and denial-of-service attacks on your network.

Please note that you don't have to migrate your routing to BGP if you want to use these mechanisms. To implement remote blackholes, it's enough that you deploy BGP on strategic points in your network and link them via BGP sessions with a central router through which you'll insert the IP addresses to block.

5. Large-scale QOS or web caching deployment

Not only does BGP carry a number of attributes describing the IP routes, it allows you to add extra baggage to every IP route it advertises in the form of BGP communities that are totally transparent to BGP (unless you're manually configuring route selection rules to use them) but propagated throughout the network.

OSPF

OSPF is a Link State protocol that’s considered may be the most famous protocol among the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) family, developed in the mid 1980’s by the OSPF working group of the IETF.

When configured, OSPF will listen to neighbors and gather all link state data available to build a topology map of all available paths in its network and then save the information in its topology database, also known as its Link-State Database (LSDB). Using the information from its topology database. From the information gathered, it will calculate the best shortest path to each reachable subnet/network using an algorithm called Shortest Path First (SFP) that was developed by the computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstrain 1956. OSPF will then construct three tables to store the following information:

• Neighbor Table: Contains all discovered OSPF neighbors with whom routing information will be interchanged
• Topology Table: Contains the entire road map of the network with all available OSPF routers and calculated best and alternative paths.
• Routing Table: Contain the current working best paths that will be used to forward data traffic between neighbors

1. OSPF is a true LOOP- FREE (route-free loop) routing protocol. It is derived from the merits of the algorithm itself.

2. Fast convergence of OSPF: The route changes can be transmitted to the entire autonomous system in the shortest time.

3. The concept of area division is proposed. After the autonomous system is divided into different regions, the summary of routing information between the regions is adopted, which greatly reduces the quantity of routing information to be transmitted. It also makes routing information not expand rapidly as the network scale increases.

4. The protocol itself minimizes the overhead. See below:

(1) For the discovery and maintenance of neighbor relationships, the hello messages that do not contain routing information are sent regularly and are very short. The message containing the routing information is the mechanism that triggers the update. (Send when there is a route change). However, in order to enhance the robustness of the protocol, it is re-issued every 1800 seconds.

(2) In broadcast networks, multicast addresses are used instead of broadcast to reduce the interference to other network devices that do not operate OSPF.

(3) In various types of networks that can be accessed multiple times (broadcast, NBMA), by electing DR, the number of route exchanges (synchronizations) between routers on the same network segment is reduced from O (N*N) times to O (N) times.

(4) The concept of an NSSA area is proposed so that the introduced ASE route is no longer propagated within the NSSA area.

(5) Supports route aggregation on ABRs (Area Border Routers) to further reduce routing information transfer between regions.

(6) In the point-to-point interface type, OSPF over On Demand Circuits is configured so that it no longer sends hello packets periodically and updates routing information regularly. Updates are sent only when the network topology really changes.

5. Through the strict division of the level of routing (a total of four points), it provides more reliable routing.

6. Good security. OSPF supports interface-based plaintext and md5 authentication.

7. OSPF adapts to various scales of networks, up to thousands of units.

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