Question

Write a short paper about the Action Research Methodology.

• Define Action Research.
• Describe and explain the type of Action Research that will be used for the project building book store web application and it is done individually in college
• Describe how and explain why (reasons and justification) this approach is appropriate for project building book store web application
• The Proposal section must include a heading for each AR iteration (i.e., Iteration 1, Iteration 2, etc.).
• A summary under each heading about what you plan to accomplish during each two-week iteration period of my Action Research project.
  • Who will be involved in the iteration?
  • What are the anticipated tasks in the iteration?
  • What is the duration of each anticipated task?
  • What resources are needed or will be used for each anticipated task?
  • If you do not have access to a resource, how will you obtain the resource?

Answer 1

Action Research-:

Action research can be defined as “an approach in which the action researcher and a client collaborate in the diagnosis of the problem and in the development of a solution based on the diagnosis." In other words, one of the main characteristic traits of action research relates to collaboration between researcher and member of organisation in order to solve organizational problems.Action study assumes social world to be constantly changing, both, researcher and research being one part of that change.Generally, action researches can be divided into three categories: positivist, interpretive and critical.

Positivist approach to action research, also known as ‘classical action research’ perceives research as a social experiment. Accordingly, action research is accepted as a method to test hypotheses in a real world environment.

Interpretive action research, also known as ‘contemporary action research’ perceives business reality as socially constructed and focuses on specifications of local and organisational factors when conducting the action research.

Critical action research is a specific type of action research that adopts critical approach towards business processes and aims for improvements.

The following features of action research need to be taken into account when considering its suitability for any given study:

• It is applied in order to improve specific practices. Action research is based on action, evaluation and critical analysis of practices based on collected data in order to introduce improvements in relevant practices.
• This type of research is facilitated by participation and collaboration of number of individuals with a common purpose
• Such a research focuses on specific situations and their context

Advantages of Action Research

• High level of practical relevance of the business research;
• Can be used with quantitative, as well as, qualitative data;
• Possibility to gain in-depth knowledge about the problem.

Disadvantages of Action Research

• Difficulties in distinguishing between action and research and ensure the application of both;
• Delays in completion of action research due to a wide range of reasons are not rare occurrences
• Lack of Repeatability and rigour

It is important to make a clear distinction between action research and consulting. Specifically, action research is greater than consulting in a way that action research includes both action and research, whereas business activities of consulting are limited action without the research.

Types Of Action Research-:

Individual Research-: Individual action research is research conducted by one teacher or staff member. This type of research is conducted to analyze a specific task. A teacher may wonder if implementing group activities within an English class will help improve learning. The teacher alone performs research by implementing a group activity for a certain length of time. After the action is performed, the teacher analyzes the results, implements changes, or discards the program if not found to be helpful.

Collaborative Research-:Collaborative research involves a group of people researching a specified topic. With collaborative research, more than one person is involved in the implementation of the new program. Typically, a group of students, larger than just one class, are tested, and the results are analyzed. Many times collaborative research involves both teachers and the principal of the school. This type of research offers the collaboration of many people working jointly on one subject. The joint collaboration often offers more benefits than an individual action research approach.

School-Wide Research-:Action research programs are generally created from a problem found within an entire school. When a program is researched for an entire school, it is called school-wide action research. For this type of action research, a school may have concerns about a school-wide problem. This can be lack of parental involvement or research to increase students' performance in a certain subject. The entire staff works together through this research to study the problem, implement changes, and correct the problem or increase performance.

District-Wide Research-:District-wide research is used for an entire school district. This type of action research is usually more community-based than the other types. This type may also be used to address organizational problems within the entire district. For district-wide research, staff from each school in the district, collaborates in correcting the problem or finding ways to improve the situation.

Action Research Used to make web application for project building book store-:

Individual Research_;

Purpose and process. Individual teacher research usually focuses on changes in a single classroom. A teacher defines an area or problem of interest in classroom management, instructional strategies or materials, or students' cognitive or social behavior. The teacher then seeks solutions to the problem. Students may or may not be directly involved in helping to generate alternatives and determining effects. If parents are involved, they are usually consulted as sources of information.

Outside support. Individual teacher research is frequently inspired by university courses, a descriptive article about action research, or an encouraging supervisor, principal, staff development coordinator, or professor. Because support by administrators varies by site and by their personal interest in the area being explored, external agencies often provide teachers with the needed support. Sometimes the external agent acts as a mentor to the teacher.

Data utilized. Some individual teacher researchers use quantitative data, developing measures and forming and testing hypotheses. They experiment with different actions fashioned to address the problem, study and record the effects of those actions, and keep, modify, or discard ways of acting based on their findings. Some teachers use qualitative data in similar processes. A few teachers, operating more like phenomenologists.

Audience. The primary audience for the results of individual teacher research is the teacher conducting the research. If students have participated directly in the investigation, then they, too, form part of the primary audience. Whether the results are shared with secondary audiences through staff development presentations, professional conferences, school district newsletters, or articles in professional journals is at the discretion of the individual teacher.

Side effects. The effects of individual teacher research may or may not reach outside the classroom. Several teachers within the same school may be conducting action research on a similar topic, but they may or may not discuss their experiences and results. The amount of sharing depends on the collegiality of the individuals. Where such sharing occurs, collegiality at the school may be enhanced.

So if we want to create a software for the book store web application individually then we should have knowledge about different techniques and tool which are used in the application like programming methodologies and front-end approaches and also which type of database is used and also how to used these type of database.

So First of all we are talking about the programming language we can go for java,php,python etc.but java is the best option for any of the making web application like book store it can make more creative to maintain the attraction for users.

Second thing is front_end language application we should go for Bootstrap so that it should be maintain the best design for user and make it easy for all the user if the front-end is good designed then the user can give more time in website.

Third thing is that when we are using a database that fetch information easily then the user can be happy for this. So we go for SQL or Oracle etc.These are good for all of the web project.

at last i want to say that the web application make more easy when user can click on the link and it fetch the data in less time then the want to take time in the website otherwise it will disappointed with that and it can't be used this website in another time.

Plan Act Observe Reflect

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