Question

A. To establish causality, we must meet three criteria. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three criteria?

- A happens before B

- A is associated with B

- A is mediated by B

- Absence of confounding factors

B. TRUE OR FALSE:

The optimal way to establish causality is to conduct a randomized field experiment (also knows as randomized controlled trial)

By generalizability of research findings, we mean whether others will produce similar results if they use the same design approach.

Design effects, which result from the research process itself, will threaten the validity of impact assessment. Examples include missing data, sampling bias, the Hawthorne effect, and measurement reliability and validity.

C. Suppose we want to find out whether publicly subsidized pre-K (prekindergarten) programs boost children’s cognitive, social, and communication skills. It is often impossible to isolate the effect of pre-K from the effect of other influences, including children’s skills prior to entering pre-K, their interactions with family and others during the year, and other resources in the communities where they live. Here, the effect of pre-K is ______; the effect of other influences is _______.

A. Net effect

B. Extraneous confounding factors

C. Design effect

Answer 1

A. - A is mediated by B

B. True

C. Here, the effect of pre-K is Net effect; the effect of other influences is Extraneous confounding factors.