Question

Briefly fill in the chart below:

	DKA (Diabetic ketoacidosis)	HHS (Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome)
Description
Possible causes
What will the client look like
Lab values
What is the treatment

Answer 1

Description;-

DKA: Is the one of the emergency complication of diabetes mellitus ( mostly type 1), in which the body produce large amount of ketones by breaking fatty particles to compensate the high energy requirement which was not satisfied by glucose and insulin leads to acidic state because of low PH.

HHS: Is also one of the major complication of diabetes mellitus ( mostly type 2) , in which there is an increased glucose in the blood >600 mg/dl with increased osmolarity and frequent urination.

Possible cause;-

DKA; sudden withdrawal of insulin, any stressfull situation, certain intoxication, infection etc

HHS; any major illness, infection and stress may leads to hyperglycemia.

Client looks like;-

DKA: Increased breathing pattern ( kussmaul Respiration) , have the sense of nausea amd vomiting.

HHS; clients looks severly dehydrated, fatigue and weak.

Lab value;-

DKA: arterial pH gets decreased, increased serum and urine ketones, increased blood glucose more than 250 mg/dl

HHS: hyperglycemia > 600 mg/ dl, increased osmolality can be seen, increased sodium level.

Treatment;-

DKA: Start IV fluid infusion, Start insulin infusion slowly, treat the acidosis symptoms

HHS; start the IV fluids, administer low molecular weight heparin, provide antibiotics and also administer slow infusion of insulin.