Question

What is/are the major source(s) of bias in studies of cause and effect? (choose one)

d) Confounding and measurement error

b) Confounding and selection bias

c) Confounding, selection bias and measurement error

e) Measurement error and selection bias

a) Measurement error

Answer 1

c) Confounding, selection bias and measurement error is correct

Cause-effect relationship exists with Selection bias,Information bias,Chance: random error,Confounding