Question

Explain how CSMA-CD requires low limits on the frame length and a maximum limit on the wire length. Give the equation that relates frame length and maximum wire length. Use a diagram to explain.

Answer 1

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) –
The CSMA method does not tell us what to do in case there is a collision. Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) adds on to the CSMA algorithm to deal with the collision. In CSMA/CD, the size of a frame must be large enough so that collision can be detected by sender while sending the frame. So, the frame transmission delay must be at least two times the maximum propagation delay.

Assume some station transmitted data packet and successfully get to the destination but it just the Best Case, so we have to take Worst Case scenario in which there will be contention slots. Contention slots are those slot which are not able to transmit their journey due to the collision. Suppose A station transmitted data but collide and worst case time wasted is 2Tp and then some station B found out a way to transmit the data so it took (As shown in Figure)

Tp ( propagation delay) + Tt(transmission time)

Now we don’t know how many contention slot, so we consider the worst case to be of n contention slots.

Efficiency = Tt / ( C*2*Tp + Tt + Tp) Tt ? transmission time Tp ? propagation time C ? number of collision

In CSMA/CD, for success, only 1 station should transmit while others shouldn’t. Let p be the probability to transmit data successfully.

P(success) = nC1 * p * (1-p)n-1 (by using Binomial distribution)

For max P(success), differentiate with respect to p and equate to zero (to get maxima and minima).

We get P(max) = 1/e

Number of times we need to try before getting 1st success

1/P(MAX) = 1/(1/e) = e

Here number of times we need to try (C) = e.

Put a = Tt/Tp and divide by T in Efficiency = Tt / (C* 2 * Tp + Tt + Tp)

We get,

Efficiency = 1/(e*2a + 1 + a) a = Tp/Tt e = 2.72 Now Efficiency = 1/( 1 + 6.44a)

Further Analysis of Efficiency :

Efficiency = 1/ (1 + 6.44a) = 1/ {1 + 6.44(Tp/Tt)} = 1/ {1 + 6.44((distance/speed)(Bandwidth/packet length))}