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Laboratory 1: operation amplifier characteristics A. Objectives: 1. To study the basic characteristics of an operational amplifier 2. To study the bias circuit of an operational amplifier B. Apparatus: 1. DC Power supply 2. Experimental board and corresponding components 3. Electronic calculator (prepared by students) 4. Digital camera (prepared by students for photo taking of the experimental results) 5. Laptop computer with the software PicoScope 6 and Microsoft Word installed. 6. PicoScope PC Oscilloscope and its accessories. 7. Multimeter C. Introduction: An operational amplifier (op amp) is an integrated circuit with differential inputs and high voltage gains. It has been widely employed in many electronic circuit designs and applications for its nearly linear property and simple connections with the passive elements. An op amp often has the following pin assignments. 741 -pin DIL (Dual In Line offset null 1 8 not connected inverting input 2 non-inverting input 3 6 output -V 4 5 offset null viewed from above) Figure 1. 741 Op Amp pin assignment. In figure 1 V and -V represent the supplied voltages of the op amp; inverting input (symbol: V-) and non-inverting input (symbol: V+) serve as the differential voltage inputs to the op amp; output (symbol: V.) serves the output voltage of the op amp. The input and output relation of the op amp is governed by the equation: Where Av represents the open loop gain of the op amp and it has a value with an order of 10 or higher The other parameters of practical op amp include: . Input impedance Ri, is usually high and assume to be infinite 2. Output impedance Ro, it is very low and assume to be zero. 3. Saturation voltage V,t is the maximum/minimum output voltage of the op amp, i is often equal to the supplied voltages V and V signal and at zero source resistance amplifier 4. Input offset voltage Vos: it is an input voltage that is required to provide zero output voltage with no 5. Input bias current I:it is small but non-zero bias currents are presented at the inputs to an operational 6, Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR: The CMRR is defined as CMRR Ad where Ad and A are the difference mode and common mode gains respectively, it reflects the ability of the op amp on removing the common voltages at the inputs 7. Slew Rate: This is the maximum rate of change of the output voltage when supplying the rated output. D. Op amp circuits: The operational amplifier circuits often employ feedback paths in order to stabilize the circuit behavior. With the feedback connections, the gains, input impedances, output impedances, etc. can be controlled by the external components but not the parameters of the op amp. As a result, the design of op amp circuit becomes easier (1) Inverting amplifier O A 0 V Figure 2 (2) Non-inverting amplifier Figure 3 (3) Low pass filter Rf/Ri 0 1+jaCR Figure 4 4) Differentiator RF iF(t) istt) ourlt) Vstt) Vout (tREC s() dt Figure 5 (5) Relaxation oscillator R, +R Figure 6. E. Procedures Constructed the op amp circuits in the procedures stated below on the experimental board provided with necessary components. The DC inputs +V- +12V and-V--12V are supplied by the DC power supplies, the AC input is provided by the signal generator and the output voltage is measured by the CRO. Notice that the signal generator and the CRO are controlled by the PicoScope program. Record ALL parameters and data obtained from your experiment in each step (1) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 2 with the parameters: Vi 0.4 V, 2 kHz, sine wave, Rf-5 kΩ and Ri -1 k2. Capture both input and output waveforms in the CRO (2) Comment on the waveforms obtained and verify the gain with the theoretical calculation. (3) Repeat steps (1) and (2) for the circuit shown in Figure 3 (4) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 4 with the parameters: V,-0.4 V, sine wave, Rf 2 kQ, R. 47 Ω and C-47 μF, Capture the waveforms of the output voltage Vo with the following input source frequencies: Frequency (Hz) 200 (5) Comment on the waveforms obtained and verify them with the corner frequency of the circuit. (6) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 5 with the parameters: Vs(t) 0.8 V, 3 kHz, triangular wave, Rr 500 lk 5k 100 kS2 and Cr-4.7 F. Capture the waveform of the output voltage Vour(t) (7) Comment on the waveform obtained. (8) Connect the circuit shown in Figure 6 with the parameters: R,-1kQ, R2 2.2 kS2, R-100 Ω and C- 4.7 μF. Capture the waveform of the output voltage Vout(t). (9) Comment on the waveform obtained and verify the period T of the waveform.

Answer 1

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