Question

3. File and Directories Files and directories provide a basic abstraction of persistent data to users. Here we explore (ab systems work, focusing on links. Sometimes links lead to pretty odd performance problems. (a) Assume we have a regular file that is referred to by the pathname /a/b/c/orig.txt-how many directories wil we access when opening this file? (b) Now assume we create a hard link to this file, as follows: 1n /a/b/c/orig.txt /hard.txt. How directories will we access when opening /hard.txt? (e) Is the file hard.txt a special type of file? (explain) (d) What happens to hard.txt when we delete orig.txt? Can we still access it? (explain) /a/b/c/soft.txt. (e) Now assume we create a symbolie (soft) link to this file, as follows: 1n -s /a/b/c/orig.txt How many directories will we access when opening /a/b/c/soft.txt? (D Is the file /a/b/c/soft.txt a special kind of file? (explain) (g) What happens to soft.txt when we delete orig.txt? Can we still access it? (h) Let's say we create a symbolic link to a parent directory, as follows: 1n -s /a/b/c /a/b/c/loop. How many different pathnames can we use to refer to the file orig.txt in the directory /a/b/c?

Answer 1

3. File and Directories Files and directories provide a basic abstraction of persistent data to users. Here we explore (abstractly) systems work, focusing on links. Sometimes links lead to pretty odd performance problems. how basic file (a) Assume we have a regular file that is referred to by the pathname /a/b/c/o rig.txt-how many directories will we access when opening this file? 1 2 3 Three directories assume we create a hard link to this file, as follows: in /a/b/c/orig.txt /hard.txt. How nm directories will we access when opening /hard.txt? indirectly we access 3 directories see screenshot below in shich i have written hello to origi.txt and it shows in that hard.txt (c) Is the file hard.txt a special type of file? (explain) it seems a regular file (d) What happens to hard. txt when we delete orig.txt? Can we still access it? (explain) yes that file will still accessible, check screenshot

ubuntu17 (fresh) [Running)- Oracle VM VirtualBox File Machine View Input Devices Help Activities Terminal Sun 13:29 madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/ File Edit View Search Terminal Help nadhav@nadhav-virtualBox:/$ sudo nkdir a [sudo] password for madhav: madhav@madhav-virtualBox:/$ cd a madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a nkdirb mkdir: cannot create directory b': Permission denied madhav@nadhav-VirtualBox:/a$ sudo mkdir b madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/as cd b madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b$ sudo mkdir c madhav@madhav-virtualBox: /a/bs cd c madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/c sudo touch orig.txt madhav@madhav-virtualBox:/a/b/cs ls orig.txt madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/c$ pwd /a/b/c madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/c$ sudo ln /a/b/c/orig.txt /hard.txt madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/c$ nadhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/$ ls a boot dev hard.txt initrd.ing lib lost+found mnt proc run snap Swapfiletusr vmlinuz media opt root sbin srv sys var vnlinuz.old madhavmadhav-VirtualBox:/$ ls 1 hard.txt rw-r--r- 2 root root 0 May 5 13:26 hard.txt madhav@nadhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/c gedit orig.txt madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/cS sudo vim orig.txt nadhavanadhav-VirtualBox: /a/b/c$ madhav-VirtualBox:/S cat hard.txt hello adhav-VirtualBox:/S ^ 40 ENG 1:29 PM 05/05/2019 3

ubuntu17 (fresh) [Running)- Oracle VM VirtualBox File Machine View Input Devices Help Activities Terminal ▼ Sun 13:34 madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/ File Edit View Search Terminal Help madhav@madhav-virtualBox:/a/b/cs ls orig.txt madhav@madhav-virtualBox:/a/b/c$ pwd /a/b/c madhav@nadhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/c sudo ln /a/b/c/orig.txt /hard.txt madhav@nadhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/cs cd/ madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/$ ls a boot dev hard.txt initrd.im bin cdrom etc hone madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/S ls -1 hard.txt lib lost+found mnt proc run snap Swapfiletusr vmlinuz initrd.img.old lib64 nedia opt root sbin srv sys var vnlinuz.old rw-r--r.. 2 root root อ May 5 13:26 hard . txt madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/$ cd a/b/c madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/cs gedit orig.txt madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/c sudo vim orig.txt madhav@madhav-virtualBox:/a/b/cs cd / madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/S cat hard.txt hello madhav@nadhav-VirtualBox:/s ls -1 hard.txt rw-r-r- 2 root root 6 May 5 13:28 hard.txt madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/$ grep vn a-ZA-Z0-9]*$" hard.txt madhav@nadhav-VirtualBox:/s cd a/b/c madhav@madhav-VirtuaLBox:/a/b/c$ rm orig.txt rn: renove write-protected regular file 'orig.txt.? y rm: cannot remove "orig.txt': P madhav@madhav-virtualBox:/a/b/c$ sudo rm orig.txt madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/a/b/c madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:/$ ls a boot dev hard.txt initrd.ing bin cdrom etc hone madhav@madhav-VirtualBox:S cat hard.txt lib lost+found mnt proc run snap Swapfiletusr vmlinuz Lib64 media opt root sbin srv sys var vnlinuz.old ...hello madhav@nadhav-VirtualBox:/S 1:34 PM ENG 05/05/2019 3

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