Question

just the second part of the question!

REVIEW QUESTIONS ternal respiration, the following vari- in pulmonary respira- 1. Define pulmonary ventilation, external res and internal respiration. Define the follow ables and classify each as involved in puln ventilation, external respiration, or internal res tion. Some may be classified in more than one (A-a) PO,diff VTI PvCO2V ... a-vO diff VD PaO2 lb SaO2% hain PAO2-blo Sb02% V and V, PaCO2 dc SvO2% on PvO2

Answer 1

Pulmonary ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation is the process of breathing in which the oxygen gets into the lungs during inspiration and carbon dioxide flows out of the lungs during expiration. This flow of gases in and out of the lungs takes place as a result of the difference in the pressures between the atmosphere and the gases in the lungs.

External respiration

External respiration is the process of gas exchange that takes place in the lungs in which h the oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolar sac.

Internal respiration

Internal respiration takes place in the metabolizing tissues, in which the oxygen diffuses from the blood into the tissues and the carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood.

(A-a)PO₂.diff

It is the measure of the difference between the alveolar concentration of oxygen and the arterial concentration of oxygen. This helps us to know the integrity of the alveolar-capillary and to know the source of hypoxemia. This is involved in external respiration.

a-v O₂ diff

It is the measure of the difference between the concentration of oxygen of the blood in the arterial blood and the venous blood. This is involved in internal respiration.

V_D

This is referred to as the physiological dead space. Dead space is the portion of the gas in each tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange. This is involved in pulmonary ventilation.

f.

This stands for fractional concentration. This refers to the molar or volumetric concentration of the specific gas in the inspired gas. This is involved in pulmonary ventilation.

V_E and V_I

V_E and V_I stand for respiratory minute volume. V_E refers to the volume of gas inhaled by a person in one minute. Whereas V_I refers to the volume of gas exhaled by a person in one minute. Both terms are involved in pulmonary ventilation.

V_T

This stands for tidal volume. It refers to the volume of gas that is inspired or expired during a normal ventilation cycle, without any extra effort. This is involved in pulmonary ventilation.

V_A

It stands for alveolar ventilation. It id the process by which gas exchange takes place between the alveoli and the external environment. In this process, the oxygen from the alveoli enters into the blood and the carbon dioxide from the blood enters into the alveoli. It is involved in external respiration.

PaO₂

This represents the Partial pressure of oxygen. It is the pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood. This is involved in internal respiration.

P_AO₂

This also stands for partial pressure of oxygen, but this represents the oxygen pressure in the alveolar gas. This is involved in external respiration.

PaCO₂

This represents the Partial pressure of carbon dioxide. It is the pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. This is involved in internal respiration.

PvCO₂

This also represents the Partial pressure of carbondioxide but this is the pressure of carbondioxide in the venous blood. This is involved in external respiration.

SaO₂%

This stands for the oxygen saturation percentage. It is the fraction of ration between the oxygen content to the oxygen capacity of hemoglobin in the arterial blood, represented in percentage.

SbO₂%

This also stands for oxygen saturation percentage. It is the ratio between the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin to the total hemoglobin in the blood (arterial or venous).

SvO₂%

This also stands for oxygen saturation percentage. It is the fraction of ration between the oxygen content to the oxygen capacity of hemoglobin in the venous blood, represented in percentage.

V_D/V_T

This is the ratio between the physiological dead space and the tidal volume. It is the ratio between the amount of gas that does not participate in gas exchange to the amount of gas inhaled or exhale with each breath without extra effort.this is involved in pulmonary ventilation.