Question

36. It is normal for pregnant women not to gain weight in the first trimester (True/False) 37. What negative impact can Listeria monocytogenes have on a pregnant woman? 38. High blood pressure during pregnancy is called? 39. During the third semester, women should be consuming an extra 500 calories/day (T/F) 40. Pregnancies to obese mothers pose particular risks. What are those risks? 41. Lactation provides no benefit for the mother (True/False) 42. What is the minimum recommended duration for breast-feeding? 43. The very first milk produced by a mother is called? What is unique about it? 44. Consumption of fat in babies and infants should be limited (True/False) 45. When and why should iron-fortified cereal be fed to infants? 46. Explain food allergy vs food intolerance 47. What should parents do when faced with picky eating and food jags in young children? 48. Vitamin D, calcium, and iron are important nutrients in young children and adolescents True/False) 49. People 50 years old or older have reduced thirst mechanism and digestive system (True/False) 50. Need for dietary vitamin D maxes out at age 50 (True/False) 51. Exercise is not recommended for adults over age 65 (True/False). Why?

Answer 1

36.

True

The weight gain in the first trimester of pregnancy is not very much. Weight gain in first three months of pregnancy should be minimal (0.5 to 2.0 kilograms or 1.1 to 4.4 pounds).
In some cases, the woman might suffer from morning sickness and they might not gain weight at all or have chances to lose weight however, the weight gain is compensated in the second trimester.

37.

Listeria is a kind of bacteria that is found in soil, water, and some animals, including cattle and poultry. When eaten, Listeria causes a foodborne illness called listeriosis. Listeriosis is one of the most serious types of food poisoning.
Pregnant women are 10 times more likely to get listeriosis than the general population. Vomiting and diarrhea can cause the body to lose too much water. This is called dehydration. Listeriosis also can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or preterm labor.

Many pregnant women do not have any symptoms. Even if you do not feel sick, you can pass the infection to your fetus.
Babies born with listeriosis may have serious infections of the blood or brain. Listeriosis can cause lifelong health problems for your baby, including intellectual disability, paralysis, seizures, blindness, or problems with the brain, kidneys, or heart. Listeriosis also can cause death in newborns.

38.

Pre-eclampsia:

A condition in pregnancy characterized by abrupt hypertension (a sharp rise in blood pressure), albuminuria (leakage of large amounts of the protein albumin into the urine) and edema (swelling) of the hands, feet, and face. Pre-eclampsia is the most common complication of pregnancy. It affects about 5% of pregnancies. Preeclampsia usually begins after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had been normal.

39.

True

40.

Being obese during pregnancy increases the risk of various pregnancy complications, including:

• The risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and recurrent miscarriage
• Gestational diabetes
• Pre-eclampsia: A pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the kidneys.
• Cardiac dysfunction.
• Sleep apnea.
• A difficult vaginal delivery
• The need for a C-section and the risk of C-section complications, such as wound infections

41.

False

Breastfeeding releases oxytocin and prolactin, hormones that relax the mother and make her feel more nurturing toward her baby. Breastfeeding soon after giving birth increases the mother's oxytocin levels, making her uterus contract and return to its normal size more quickly and reducing bleeding. Breastfeeding also lowers your risk of breast and ovarian cancer and burns calories too which helps to lose pregnancy weight faster.

42.

The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding (i.e. no other fluids or solids) for six months and then continued breastfeeding combined with solid foods for 2 years or as long as mother and baby desire.

43.

Colostrum also known as first milk is a thick, sticky, yellowish form of milk produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy and the few days after giving birth.

• Colostrum is high in carbohydrates, high in protein, high in antibodies, and low in fat.
• Newborns have very small digestive systems, and colostrum delivers its nutrients in a very concentrated low-volume form.
• It has a mild laxative effect, encouraging the passing of the baby's first stool, which is called meconium.
• This clears excess bilirubin, a waste product of dead red blood cells which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction, from the infant's body and helps prevent jaundice.
• Colostrum contains large numbers of antibodies called "secretory immunoglobulin" (IgA) that help protect the mucous membranes in the throat, lungs, and intestines of the infant.
• Leukocytes are also present in large numbers; these begin protecting the infant from harmful viruses and bacteria.
• Ingesting colostrum establishes beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract.
• Premature babies tend to fare better on human colostrum than commercial infant formulas.
• Human milk contains special components, called growth modulators, that help the premature baby's digestive system adjust to oral feedings.