Question

OUE NOU. 64 PN105C Concept Map #2 Diabetie Medication/Care Name Date: Due on: The following questions are worth up to 30 points. 1. List 3 body systems that diabetes can cause harm to. Expand on what happens in each system. 2. List 6 symptoms that a pt. with diabetes experience. 3. List risk factors that prediabetes may have. List all 6. 4. Discuss the difference between a HgbAcl, fasting blood sugar and bedside blood sugar. Up to 5 points 5. Discuss mental health with diabetes. Be specific with the effects on the mind & body. Up to 5 points 6. What exercises is recommended with diabetic pt.? Discuss ways to assist in a successful exercise program. Up to 5 points 7. Discuss which cultures are at higher risk for diabetes and why? Up to 5 points 8. Name 3 oral glycemic agents 9. Name 3 different types of insulin. When answering the questions on a separate sheet of paper. Make sure that you answer has the correlating question number on it. Turn in the concept map flow sheet with the question page. Both should be neat and easy to read. Points will be deducted to spelling and sloppy non professional presentation appearance.

Answer 1

1. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused either by insufficiency of pancreas to secrete insulin or insulin resistance which results in increased blood sugar levels.  

Diabetes affects many organs of body.

- pancreas : pancreas contain beta cells that are responsible for insulin secretion. An autoimmune response damages these cells resulting in insufficient insulin production.

- eyes : diabetes results in impaired blood flow to the retina by damaging the blood vessels supplying the eye. Long term impaired blood supply to retina results in oxygen deprivation resulting in clouding of vision and other visual defects

- kidneys : Low level of insulin in the body or insulin resistance affects the normal metabolic processes resulting in excess load on kidney. This leads to renal hypertension damaging the glomeruli. This causes disturbances in kidney function of filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion. Long term uncontrolled blood sugar levels can lead to chronic kidney disease

2. Diabetes is characterised by high levels of blood sugar known as hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia can lead to following symptoms:

- polyuria

- polydipsia

- weight loss

- polyphagia

- glucosuria

- blurred vision

3. Risk factors that can lead to diabetes are :

- family history

- obesity

- alcohol abuse

- smoking

- stress and tension

- poor unhealthy diet

- sedentary and inactive lifestyle

4. HgbA1C :

- it is a measure of glycated haemoglobin or sugar component of haemoglobin.

- a three month average of HgbA1C is taken out to interpret the results

- it helps determine the control of blood sugar levels in diabetic patients

- patients with HgbA1C below 53mmol/mol are considered to have good control over blood sugar

fasting blood sugar :

- it is the measure of blood glucose levels.

- the sample is taken after a fasting of 10-16 hours.

- it helps determine how well the insulin is able to act on glucose in fasting conditions

- normal fasting blood sugar levels are 70-100mg/dl.

Bedside blood sugar :

- it is the monitoring of blood glucose levels in chronic ill patients.

- bedside blood sugar monitoring is the assessing of blood glucose levels in hospialized / chronic illness / elderly patients to check for fluctuations in blood sugar levels.

- A finger prick capillary sample is taken at the bedside and tested. The results are obtained within a few seconds.

- this type of testing helps to tightly observe and regulate blood sugar levels in patients with fluctuations in blood sugar due to illness, stress, anxiety or other factors.