Question

Assignment
1a) Discuss at least (10) channels of technological acquisition

1b) What are the problems of technological development in any country and also highlights improvable solutions.

1c) Explain turnkey project and international sub contract

Answer 1

Channels of technological acquisition-

Technology can be acquired by a number of Channels which are as follows-

1.licensing-

A business arrangement in which one company gives another company permission to manufacture its product for a specified payment.

2.Joint R&D-

Joint Research and development (R&D) includes activities that companies undertake to innovate and introduce new products and services jointly.

3.Subcontracting-

A business practice where main contractor hires additional individuals or companies called subcontractors to help complete a project.

4.Business Alliances -

A business alliance is an agreement between businesses, usually motivated by cost reduction and improved service for the customer.

5.Universities–industry collaboration -

Universities–industry collaboration (UIC) refers to the interaction between any parts of the higher educational system and industry aiming mainly to encourage knowledge and technology exchange.

6.mergers and acquisitions-

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are defined as consolidation of companies. Differentiating the two terms, Mergers is the combination of two companies to form one, while Acquisitions is one company taken over by the other. M&A is one of the major aspects of corporate finance world

7.Partial equity-

The partial equity method is an accounting methodology that companies investing in another entity use to account for their investment when their stake is not considered significant.

8.Joint venture-

A joint venture (JV) is a business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task.

9.Consortium-

consortium is a group made up of two or more individuals, companies, or governments that work together to achieving a common objective

10.Outsourcing-

The practice of having certain job functions done outside a company instead of having an in-house department or employee handle them; functions can be outsourced to either a company or an individual.

b) Problems of technological development in any country-

• Lack of pool of scientists
• researchers in specific domains.
• Brain drain.
• Small market size.
• Bureaucratic climate.
• Inability to make public investments in appropriate research and infrastructure.

Highlights improvable solutions-

• Develope various research institutes
• Pay as per talent & appropriate rewards
• Build market of technology
• Transparency in Technological developments

1c) Turnkey project-

• It is a contract under which a firm agrees to fully design, construct and equip a manufacturing/ business/ service facility and turn the project over to the purchaser when it is ready for operation for a remuneration.
• Special modes of carrying out international business is a turnkey project.

International sub contract-

• There is no specific definition.
• Generally it means all export sales of articles which are ordered in advance, and where the giver of the order arranges the marketingI

Please share the feedback,

Thank You!