Question

Construct a paragraph or two describing the interrelationship among a bacterial pathogen, the affected host, and potential antimicrobial drugs in the development of an appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Pick a pathogen, suggest tests that should be performed on that pathogen to determine the specific drugs and give reasons why they would be appropriate.

Terminology to incorporate: narrow-spectrum, broad-spectrum, MIC, Kirby-Bauer, therapeutic index, selective toxicity, drug mechanism.

Answer 1

M YOLU A Generally they are 2 types of bacteria ane is gram positive bacteria like streptowni and the other type is gram negative bacteria like Pseudomonas. Cram-We differ from tre based on based on cell wall comporton where gram ve has lepopolysacharide a hayes clipid layer) on cell wall where grom the doesnt. Now there bacteria enter into host body by various portals of entry like mucous mombranes, respiratory fract, GI tract, conjuctivo since they have adhering on surface which helps to adhere to cell four faces and host for &gi Bacteria May enter through nores adhewe to which ne to mucous layer of Respiratory tract & enter to systemic caru- on. Once they cheach host cell they may adhere inside and enter by phagocytosis and after entry into inside and replicate con release toxine that damages host celle Alco sometimes the bacteria release endotoxius sented by cell wall may kim holt call and may result Capsule - phagourosie > Bacterial pathogen tuman host LPs/ cell wall components sephe > Toxins invasion ( host cell -lation. Once they reach Shock damage. binding to host Adhesius surface a B 87 O O → Isoteases ñ pride Glycanases Aidhared bacteria Hort cell membrane ou Residence within > tast cell invasion via phagocytor's (macrophage Cor) neutrophil) or induced uptake Ctype mu seese bon) Phagolys asomal vacuole Unfused phagusone Host cell cytosol

01 in death of holt coll called as sephic shock. So a drung which kills the bacteria is bacterendal and which inhibits the growth of bacteria are bacteriostatic. A drug designed ante to bactesta called as antibiotic. There antibiotics should be designed in such a way that they bacterial cell we antonio me that there antibiotics of the DNA synthesie etc. so the mechanisms that act called drug mechanisms are as follows: thee all wall synthesis, ueplication of bacteria by inhibition им с - DNA qurate Fluoroquinolones PNA elongation Tolicand metabollen THE TOME NO DNA MINA, sorg 8 8 8 . Bos ribosomes - 50s inhibitore -chloramphenicol aclarithromycin 3os inhibihor - temabutline a strepto my un Trimethoprim. PABA Celtwall synthesis cytocolic membrane Structure polymixin - penicillius - - Carbapenams Cephalosporine are -Anli broties that inhibit the bacteria belonging to a particular group dike gram positive Cor) gram negative Marsow spectrum Egi. Pentullins Antibiotics which kill finhibit both gramtve and gran ove bacteria are broad spectium. Egir eephalosporing

- At the laboratory level the succeptibility of bacteria to antibionce can be done by speufic telts called antiblokie sensitivity tests. Also called disk difussion which is Antibione sensitivity fertro. Ta standardized technique for testing - Kirby - Baves methode perennated a std antimicrobial agent are mapidly growing pathogons Filter paper dine Stoke Method placed on surface & size of zone of inhibitou around disk is measured after over night. Agar and broth dilution methods for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. MIC. Minimum inhibitory concentration is the minimum concentration af antibiotic preventing appearance of turbidity when perial dilutions are made in liquid Medium which is no wlated std no. of organisme. ł Therapeute Enderr It le a quantitative measurement of relative safety of a dong, A ding dose should be within the therapeut the window which optimize between toxturity and efficacy achening the greatest therapeute benefut. for &gir Streptomyan (Aminoglycoside) within therapeutic doses doesnt cause kidney damage. Once it cnoeser therapeutic hange it cauece damage to kidney cells & result in renal failure Cnephroxicity. Same may fluoree quinolones cause tendinite, ototoxiaty

Susceptibility derling is used to determine which antimicrobial will inhibit the growth of growth of bacteria caning a speupe infection like blood culture, urine culture, throat culture and fast test etc. Pathogen: streptococcus-a (suspected by doctor physical Rapid test - Rapid antigen de techion test CRADT). - Strep throat text Results - positive 2. Anribiotic which outy against streptocom is selected