Question

Please read and answer the following questions. 1. How was the sample selected ? We’re demographics collected ?

2. Is the sample representative of the target population? If not how was the sample “improved “ to make the results more reliable and valid?

3. What is the design of the study?

4. How were the human subjects protected ?

5. Were instruments used reliable and valid ? Did they measure the phenomenon under the study( how do you know that ?)

Methods Study design and participants Pregnant women enrolled in this study were identified among all women aged 14-40 years presenting to the emer- gency department (ED) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between January 1999 and August 2001 and residing in selected ZIP codes in Philadelphia. The ED was selected to recruit pregnant women into this study because many urban pregnant women utilize the ED for primary care and we may not have identified this group of pregnant wo- men through a traditional prenatal care clinic until much later in their pregnancy. It should be noted that the majority of enrolled women were seeking care in the ED for nonurgent, nonpregnancy-related reasons (over 85%) and 70% had not yet received a prenatal care visit during the pregnancy. Thus this population represents a group of urban, low-income pregnant women who have been identified, by others, as a high risk group for UP 1.9,10

Answer 1

Q. No. 1. Answer : sample : it is should be selected from the population.

* First we need to identify the ppopulation. Here 14-40years woman are the population.

* then from them target population. Here pregnant women are target population.

* next from them accessible population. Here who are coming to ed department.

* next from accessible population we can select the sample. Here urban low income pregnant women who are at high risk is the samples.

Yes we need to collect the demographics like

age in between 14-40 yrs.

Place of living rural or urban .

Income status.

Educational level.

Q. No. 2. Answer. Yes sample is the representative of the target population.

* but exact sample size should be selected.

* it must be necessary.

* so that we can make more reliable and valid.

Q. No. 3. Answer :

Research design is the plan of the study where to collect and when and how and what is the analysis of the study.

* here it is a non experimental descriptive research design.

* because here characteristics of individuals selected like age, income, educational status, rural and urban.

* and it is occurring under natural phenomenon with out any manipulation.

So it is non experimental descriptive research design.

Q. No 4. Answer :

By providing good antenatal care and security we can protect the human subjects.

Q. No. 5.answer:

The instruments which are used reliable and valid, because here they used chi square test, and t-test.

* and the Value is 0.651, if value will come 0.70 is acceptable level of reliability according test re test method, so the study value is near to that.

So that it was reliable and valid.